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PartOne:
l.Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomic
recovery__justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.
[A]wouLdbe[B]tobe[C]was[D]being
2.Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills__peopleeachyearthanautomo-
bileaccidents.
[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes[D]seventimes
3.It'seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevague
changes__placeinourever-changingworld.
[A]taking[B]totake[C]take[D]taken
4.Thisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone__whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscov-
eredalmostdaily.
[A]from[B]by[C]in[D]through
5.__canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactive
participationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.
[A]As[B]What[C]That[D]It
6.AlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningceremony,Iwasunabletoattend__such
shortnotice.
[A]to[B]in[C]with[D]on
7.Californiahasmorelightthanitknows__todowithbuteverythingelseisexpensive.
[A]how[B]what[C]which[D]where
8.Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandget
along__tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
[A]sowell[B]toowell[C]wellas[D]wellenough
9.Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabout__complimentstohis
politicalleaders.
[A]paying[B]havingpaid[C]topay[D]tohavepaid
10.Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinforma-
tionthan__intraditionalmedia.
[A]exist[B]exists[C]existing[D]toexist
11.Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamakeupexamination
[A]
hadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentshadbeenillatthetime.
[B][C][D]
12.Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfi-
[A][B][C]
nancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavefortheretirementyears.
[D]
13.WeretheTimesCo.topurchaseanothermajormediacompany,thereisnodoubtthatit
[A]
coulddramaticallytransformafamily-ranenterprisethatstillgets90%ofitsrevenues
[B][C][D]
fromnewspapers.
14.Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicaland
[A][B]
environmentfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.
[C][D]
15.Convenationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwithoneoflistener,and
[A][B][C]
itcallsforoccasional'digestivepauses'byboth.
[D]
16.Iftwotheoriesareequaltotheirabilitytoaccountforabodyofdata,thetheorythat
[A][B]
doessowiththesmallernomberofassumptionsistobepreferred.
[c][D]
17.TheCommitteeadoptedaresolutionrequiringthesevenautomakerssellingthemostcarsin
[A][B]
thestatemaking2percentofthosevehiclesemissions-freeby1998.
[C][D]
18.Aslongaspoorpeople,whoingeneralarecolored,areinconflictwithricherpeople,whoin
[A][B]
generalarelighterskin,there'sgoingtobeaconstantracialconflictintheworld.
[C][D]
19.Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatlyintheory,buteventhetrustbelieverhasgreatdif-
[A][B][C]
ficultywhenitcomestospecifics.
[D]
20.Evenifautomakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstorunonalternativefuels,thecars
[A][B][C]
won'tcatchoninabigwaywhendriverscanfillthemupatthegasstation.
[D]
21.Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto___furtherresearchandfur-
therthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.
[A]stimulate[B]renovate[C]arouse[D]advocate
22.Althougharchitecturehasartisticqualities,itmustalsosatisfyanumberofimportantpracti-
cal__.
[A]obligations[B]regulations[C]observations[D]considerations
23.Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss__thebread-winner's
death.
[A]atthecostof[B]onthevergeof[C]asaresultof[D]forthesakeof
24.Ineducationthereshouldbeagood__amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcon-
tributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.
[A]distribution[B]balance[C]combination[D]assignment
25.TheAmericandreamismost__duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgenerat-
edbyAmericancapitalism.
[A]plausible[B]patriotic[C]primitive[D]partial
26.Povertyisnot__inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsin
certainareas,itismorevisiblethere.
[A]rare[B]temporary[C]prevalent[D]segmental
27.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoselivingin__popu-
latedareas.
[A]densely[B]intensely[C]abundantly[D]highly
28.Asawayof__themailswhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaninglady
tosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.
[A]pickingup[B]copingwith[C]passingout[D]gettingacross
29.Tom'smothertriedhardtopersuadehimto__fromhisintentiontoinvesthissavings
instockmarket.
[A]pullout[B]giveup[C]drawin[D]backdown
30.Anincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutadvancedmedical
__,willbecomeprogressivelymorereliantonexpensivetechnology.
[A]interference[B]interruption[C]intervention[D]interaction
31.Thesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernizedthe__ofhigh-
ereducationfromthemid-1860'stothemid-1880's.
[A]branch[B]categorytC]domain[D]scope
32.Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslythe__inthefinancialsystemwilldrag
downtheeconomy.
[A]shallowness[B]shakiness[C]scantiness[D]stiffness
33.Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe__inmanyanimalspecies..
[A]minimization[B]restriction[C]descent[D]decline
34.Thecityisanimportantrailroad__andindustrialandconventioncenter.
[A]conjunction[B]network[C]junction[D]link
35.Prof.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto__myselfofeverychance
toimprovemyEnglish.
[A]assure[B]inform[C]avail[D]notify
36.Researchersdiscoveredthatplantsinfectedwithavirusgiveoffagasthat__disease
resistanceinneighboringplants.
[A.]contracts[B]activates[C]maintains[D]prescribe
37.Corporationsandlaborunionshave__greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmem-
bersaswellasuponthegeneralpubtic.
[A]conferred[B]granted[C]flung[D]submitted
38.Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwas__
fromonenewmoontothenext.
[A]measured[B]reckoned[C]judged[D]assessed
39.Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas__to
theissueathand.
[A]irrational[B]unreasonable[C]invalid[D]irrelevant
40.Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases__automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargest
modelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.
[A]persuaded[B]prompted[C]imposed[D]enlightened
Parttwo:ClozeTest
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies_41__lowaccidentratesplantheirsafety
programs,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whenthe
workiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished_44__timelostduetoinjuries
iskeptataminimum.
Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.
Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby_46__rules
orregulations._47_othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasic
ideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogr8mifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.
Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalone,
safety_48__.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman'sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthediff-
erencebetweenoperatingat_50__orataloss.
41.[A]at[B]in[C]on[D]with
42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile[D]diverse
43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance[D]requirement
44.[A]where[B]how[C]what[D]unless
45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift[D]distinguish
46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing[D]justifying
47.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even[D]Still
48.[A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff[D]holdsup
49.[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations[D]proclamations
50.[A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest[D]aprofit
Partthree:
Passagel
It'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoor-
mat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstove
failedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Or
sothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliable
fortheircustomers'misfortunes.
Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingto
anticipateeverypossibLeaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,
amongotherthings,thatyoumight-surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatmancape
cautionsthatthetoy"doesnotenableusertofly."
Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,for
example--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactually
protectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentof
thecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.
Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,some
courtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobably
wouldn'thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,
successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewear-
ingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedto
preventthosekindsofinjuries,"saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,not
thehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInsti-
tute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantial
weight-issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofob-
viousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcan
getburiedinaseaoftrivialities,"saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthe
newguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonprod-
uctsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegallia-
bility..
51.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?
[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.
[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.
[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.
[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.
52.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto__
[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts
[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts
[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability
[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers'safetyastheirfirstconcern
53.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat__
[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw
[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries
[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded
[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes
54.Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe__
[A]biased[B]indifferent[C]puzzling[D]objective
Passage2
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotap
theconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companies
havestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-business
salesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.
Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsrelia-
bility."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,"says
senioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbycon-
ductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothe
company'sprivateinternet.
AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailablefor
marketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull"cus-
tomersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallow
companiesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdi-
rectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodelivera
continualiyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers'computermonitors.Sub-
scriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany's
Website.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiesto
pushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.Butpushtech-
nologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotion
thattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercial
promotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevision
fades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.
ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiesto
makemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneersshowthata
Websitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andse-
curitywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,
whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10
yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.
55.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness__
[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket
[B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion
[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket
[D]hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso
56.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat__
[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers
[B]businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions
[C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy
[D]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners
57.IntheviewofNetpurists,__
[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture
[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb
[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset
[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests
58.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat__
[A]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce
[B]interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers
[C]leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago
[D]settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpower
Passage3
Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstu-
dents'careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsof
radicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction-in-
deed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomput-
ersintheclassroom.
Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,jus-
tifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnot
simplytoraiseeveryone'sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolinto
theirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisin-
completeifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythings
outsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildren
toattendschooluntilacertainage,Itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedby
naturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcoun-
tries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsake
thisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingonthe
confusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,com-
puter-edadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachieve-
ment.
Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.
ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomake
surechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,pre-
sumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusiness-
men,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykind
ofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystates
andinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.
But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-
developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.
Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelong
acquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,
thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest-a
coupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehost
ofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,of
course,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.
59.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis__
[A]far-reaching[B]dubiouslyoriented[C]self-contradictory[D]radicallyreformatory
60.Thebeliefthateducalionisindispensabletoallchildren__
[A]isindicativeofapessimismindisguise
[B]cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputers
[C]isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputer-edadvocates
[D]originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountries
61.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelofpro-
fessionaltrainingis__
[A]dependentuponthestartingageofcandidates
[B]worthtryinginvarioussocialsections
[C]oflittlepracticalvalue
[D]attractivetoeverykindofprofessional
62.Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe__
[A]includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool
[B]highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications
[C]masteredthroughalife-longcourse
[D]equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwise
Passage4
WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedan
adultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimal
husbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-
althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrinoeton
PresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforana-
tionalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)-has
beenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedona
near-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.
NBACwillaskthatClinton's90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedin-
definitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecom-
mendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNA
orcells-routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialques-
tion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefunding
tobeusedforhumancloning.
Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosug-
gestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoat-
tempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning."Shapiroexplainedduringthemeeting
thatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepanel
theninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.
NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattemptto
clonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffed-
eralfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchorto
knowinglyendangeranembryo'slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.
NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinics
nottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogo
furtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiro
andmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisis-
suewasstill"upintheair."
63.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat__
[A]federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans
[B]theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning
[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique
[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel'srecommendationsoncloning
64.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat__
[A]thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw
[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol
[C]itiscrimtnaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning
[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing
65.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause__
[A]embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning
[B]thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch
[C]anembryo'slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch
[D]theissueisexpLicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw
66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat__
[A]someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely
[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime
[C]privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC'sappeal
[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettled
Passage5
Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthe
mindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythrough
thefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselalgerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.
Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newton
didbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyforthe
unpredictable.Unpredictabllityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scienltiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.
Intalkingtosomescienlists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpression
thattheyfindthe"scientificmelhod"asubstituteforimaginativethought.I'veattendedresearch
conferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuinga
certainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid"thedataarestill
inconclusive.""Weknowthat,"themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,"butwhatdoyou
think?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?"Thescientisthasbeen
shockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.
Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwrit-
ings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhim-
self,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsare
plannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindi-
cate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurable
indollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowex-
actlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityof
keepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularity
andconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispapers
wouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballsa-
mongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam."
67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat__
[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments
[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted
[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch
[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch
68.Theauthorassertsthatsclentists__
[A]shouldn'treplace"scientificmethod"withimaginativethought
[B]shouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings
[C]shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals
[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings
69.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists__
[A]haveakeeninterestinprediction
[B]oftenspeculateonthefuture
[C]thinkhighlyofcreativethinking
[D]stickto"scientificmethod"
70.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch__
[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected
[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents
[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern
[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement
PartIV:English-ChineseTranslation
71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modern
practicemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthe
significanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationof
historiansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthlssearchtheevidencefound
isalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehisto-
rian'scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanun-
endingprocess.
72)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityof
historyasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.
Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciences
seemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquesttonsandprovidingrewardingap-
proachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadis-
ciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontempo-
raryworld.73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditional
methodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.
Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74)
Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkin
generalortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.His-
torians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tun-
nelmethod,"frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy."Alsocommoninthenaturalsci-
ences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofits
technicalimplementation.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonly
theexternalandintemalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheirac-
tivitywithspecifictechniques.
PartVWriting(15points)
76.Directions:
A.Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatleast150words.
B.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.
C.Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints:
l.effectofthecountry'sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife
2.possiblereasonfortheeffect
3.yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotection
答案:
1.D2.B3.A4.C5.A
6.D7.B8.D9.CIO.A
11.D,were12.D,saving
13.C,family-run14.C,environmental
15.B,that16.A,in
17.C,tomake18.D,skinned
19.B,great20.D,until
21.A22.D23.C24.B25.A
26.C27.A28.B29.D30.C
31.C32.B33.D34.C35.C
36.B37.A38.B39.D40.B
41.D42.A43.B44.A45.B
46.C47.D48.C49.A50.D
51.B52.C53.A54.D55.A
56.C57.D58.B59.B60.D
61.C62.A63.B64.C65.D
66.A67.A68.B69.D70.A
71．几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史
学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
72．人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外
界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73．在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研
究方法。
74．所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适
用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75．这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外
部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 |
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发表于 2016-7-27 01:17:16