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本文主要讲述了“物质滥用”一词代替“药物滥用”的原因。开篇作者首先对药物一词做出界定,指出人们对它的误解。在日常生活中,像酒精、烟草等物质如果过量使用也会对人的身体机能造成伤害。文章长难度角度而言,难度中等,下面就其中5个典型的例句做具体分析:
【典型例句1】:The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
【例句解析】:本句中,句子主语是The phrase "substance abuse",谓语是被动语态:is used,instead of "drug abuse"是介词短语修饰谓语部分;宾语是to make...;其中make是使役动词,clear做宾补,that引导宾语从句,在从句中,主语是substances,“such as alcohol and tobacco”是主语的同位语,对其解释说明;从句的谓语是can be misused,just as harmfully as是副词的同级比较,修饰谓语。
【难点点拨】:substance abuse: 物质滥用;drug abuse:药物滥用;
just as...as...:就和...一样;misuse: 滥用,误用
heroin: 海洛因;cocaine:可卡因
【例句释义】:他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚地表明:滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质就如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
【典型例句2】:We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
【例句解析】:本句中,句子主干是We live in a society,其后是in which引导的定语从句修饰society,在定语从句中,主语是the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs),系动词is,表语pervasive;冒号之后四个并列的名词短语是同位语成分,对定语从句做解释说明;比如:在第一个名词短语中:an aspirin to quiet a headache,an aspirin之后是to do不定式做定语对其修饰,在a cigarette for the nerves中,介词for做后置定语修饰a cigarette
【难点点拨】:pervasive: 流行的,广泛的;aspirin:阿司匹林;sociable:社交,应酬
nerve:n. 神经,精力;v. 振作精神,鼓起勇气
【例句释义】:我们生活在一个物质(药物)在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛的社会里:用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林,用来应酬的酒,早晨用来提神的咖啡,还有定神用的香烟。
【典型例句3】:Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
【例句解析】:本句中,句子结构是主谓宾。主语是Dependence(依赖);谓语部分是is marked by;宾语分为两部分:第一部分“first (by) an increased tolerance”,其后是with引导的伴随状语,其中“required to produce the desired effect”是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰substance;and之后连接第二部分宾语:then (by) the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms;之后是when引导的时间状语从句。
【难点点拨】:be marked by:表现为...; tolerance:容忍,忍受,耐受;
appearance:出现,发生; unpleasant:难受的,不愉快的
withdrawal symptoms:戒断症状;discontinued:中断,停止;
【例句释义】:依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐受量,随着要产生预期的效果所需要的量越来越大,然后这种物质一旦中断使用时就会出现难受的戒断症状。
【典型例句4】:Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.
【例句解析】:本句中,句子结构主谓宾。主语Hallucinogens,谓语have,宾语their primary effect on perception;其后“distorting and altering it”是分词短语做结果状语,其后in a variety of ways是介词短语做方式状语对其修饰;including producing hallucinations是分词短语做后置定语修饰ways
【难点点拨】: hallucinogens:幻觉剂,迷幻剂;primary:主要的;distort:扭曲;
alter:改变;a variety of:各种各样的;
【例句释义】: 幻觉剂主要影响人的感知,通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变,其中包括产生幻觉。
【典型例句5】:These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifestation") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
【例句解析】:本句中,句子结构是主系表。主语These,指代的是“这些物质”,系动词are,表语the substances ,其后“often called psychedelic”是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰表语,其中括号里的内容又对其解释说明;because引导原因状语从句,在从句中,主语是they,系动词seemed,表语to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
【难点点拨】: psychedelic: n. 幻觉剂;adj. 引起幻觉的;使人精神恍惚的
manifestation: 显灵,显现;radically:根本地,彻底地
state:状态,状况;consciousness:意识,感觉
【例句释义】:这些物质常被认为是“幻觉剂”(psychedelic一词源于希腊语,意为“心灵显现”),因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态。
总结: 整体看来,本篇文章难度不大,题目的难度也不大。从词汇的角度来说,需要注意几个不常见的单词,比如:hallucinogens,withdrawal symptoms,psychedelic,这些词通过联系上下文也能猜测其含义。就句子而言,文章中既有短小的难句也有长难句,但是仔细分析句子结构的话,理解起来并不难。
(本文作者为中公考研英语辅导名师——袁舒增)
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