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本文选自2010年2月25日《经济学人》,原文标题是University Education in America:Professionalizing the Professor(美国的大学教育:教授的专业化)。在长难句方面,文章难度适中,全文共30个句子,其中包含10个简单句,1个并列句,19个复合句。但是复合句长度较短,理解起来难度不大,重点是辨识出定语从句和同位语从句,掌握状语从句的翻译方法。下面就其中的5个句子进行详解:
【典型例句1】 However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess.
【例句分析】本句是一个复合句,主干是many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas,that引导定语从句,修饰idea。
【难点点拨】这句最大的难点在于that引导的从句的判定,容易和同位语从句混淆。从句中possess是及物动词,需要宾语,而that既可以充当宾语,也可以充当关系词。
【例句译文】然而,美国很多知名高校希望自己的大学生基本掌握一些观点的基本原则,而这些原则是每个接受教育的人必须拥有的。
【典型例句2】 One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.
【例句分析】本句的主干是One reason is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities,其中by top American universities作为定语修饰insistence;why引导定语从句,修饰reason;that引导同位语从句,解释说明insistence。
【难点点拨】这句最大的难点在于that引导的从句的判定,liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools是一个完整的句子,不缺任何成分,that引导的是同位语从句。解释说明的同位词不是最近的universities,而是by top American universities这个介词短语前的抽象名词insistence。
【例句译文】这些课程很难设计和教授的原因之一在于,他们与很多知名大学坚持的原则相抵触,这种坚持指的是,人文科学教育和职业教育应该分开,在不同的学校教授。
【典型例句3】 Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
【例句分析】这个句子的主干是future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree;although引导的是让步状语从句,before介词短语表示时间。
【难点点拨】这句话的结构比较清晰,最大的难点在于翻译before介词短语时,需要调整语序,提前至主干之前。
【例句译文】虽然半数以上哈佛本科生毕业于法律、医学或商务专业,但是这些准医生和律师在开始职业生涯前,必须修一门本专业的文科学位课程。
【典型例句4】 The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.
【例句分析】本句的主干是The growth has speeded the process;in public money for academic research是定语,修饰growth;冒号起解释说明的作用,相当于同位语从句,同位词是process。其后是由but连接的表示转折的并列句,分句1的谓语动词是rose,分句2中的谓语动词是fell,其中包含as引导的原因状语从句。
【例句译文】学术研究公款投入的增长已经加速了这个过程:在1960到1990年间,联邦政府的科研补助金增长了四倍,但是由于科研带来的负面影响,教师的教学时间减半。
【典型例句5】Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one.
【例句分析】本句的主干是Professionalism has turned the acquisition into a prerequisite;of a doctoral degree是后置定语,修饰acquisition;for a successful academic career是后置定语,修饰prerequisite;
【例句译文】这种专业化已经使得博士学位的取得成为成功的学术生涯的先决条件:直到1969年,三分之一的美国教授并没有获得博士学位。
综上所述,这篇文章的难点在于如何区分定语从句和同位语从句,以及标点符号,尤其是冒号起到的解释说明的作用。在今后的学习中,各位考生应该加大长难句练习,以句子为单位综合掌握词汇、语法和翻译方法。
(本文作者为中公考研英语指导老师—申虹)
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