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2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题（三）答案解析
语言学部分 答案要点
1.（1）code-switching: the movement back and forth between two languages or dialects within the same sentence or discourse.
（2）fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.
（3）diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each having a definite role to play.
（4）suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments----syllable, word, sentence.
（5）selectional restriction: Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by the rules called selectional restrictions, i.e. constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
（6）semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.
（7）utterance: expression produced in a particular context with a particular intention.
（8）Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking.
（9）functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.
（10）idiolect : A person's dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. （04）
2. （1）contrastive analysis: a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties for learners.
error analysis: the study and analysis of errors made by second and foreign language learners in order to identify causes of errors or common difficulties in language learning.
（2）locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
illocutionary act: The act of expressing the speaker's intention and performed in saying something.
（3）sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.
utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context.
（4）mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.
field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior
（5）overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.
over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.
3. （1）C （2）D （3）D （4）C （5 ）C
论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）
Key:Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as “army,” “court,” “defense,” “faith,” “prison” and “tax” came from the language of the French rulers.
评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。
3. ANSWER: the relationship between language and culture.
Language is the carrier of culture, and it is an essential part of a given culture, and the influence of culture on a given language is intrinsic and indispensable. Culture finds a better representation through language.
One of the most important connections between language and culture lies in language transmission. The anthropological approach to the nature of language transmission tends to believe that language is part of culture as socially acquired knowledge.
A language does reflect the culture of a society, but only in certain aspects, especially in its hierarchy of vocabulary and its discourse patterns. A language may boost an abundance of terms certain domains, which may indicate the focus of culture. Changes in culture result in new types of discourse. The popularity of certain types of discourse may also reflect concerns.
拓展题目The relationship between linguistics and language teaching.
Language is regarded as a set of skills in the field of language teaching. While language teaching is part of applied linguistics and applied linguistics is part of linguistics.
Therefore, to bridge the gap between the theories of linguistics and the practice of foreign language teaching, applied linguistics serves as a meditating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and make them uer-friendly to language teacher and learner.
扩展： the relationship between language and society
Language as a specific system used as the most important communicative means to serve society.
The use of language is not only a linguistic behavior but also a social activity.
Without language, a community cannot exist, not to speak of its development. Language would never come into existence without society.
It is clear that neither language nor society could exist without the existence of the other.
文学部分答案
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（1）Local Colorism: The definition of local colorism is made clear by Hamlin Garland in his Crumble Idols, he claims that it has “such quality and texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or anyone else than a native.” Here “text” refers to the elements which characterizes a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and mores peculiar to one particular place. And his “background” covers physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition human thought and behavior. The ultimate aim of the local colorism is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that differs from the world outside.
（2）Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.
（3）American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America's literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.
（1）The Victorian lady novelists.
（ 考点解析：本题考查维多利亚时期的女作家，主要是介绍布朗特三姐妹和乔治。艾略特的生平和创作。）
1）Typical Victorian lady novelists are the Bronte sisters and George Eliot.
2）Charlote Bronte（1816-1855）， Emily Bronte（1818-1848）， and their gifted sister
Anne Bronte（1820-1849） came from a large family of Irish origin. Charlotte and her two younger sisters had a great fondness for literature. In 1845 appeared a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Carrer, Ellis and Acton Bell （the pseudonyms of Charlotte\ Emily and Anne）， but received little attention. Then the three sisters turned to novel writing. Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher, but her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in1847; the same year, Emily's single and unique work Wuthering Heights and Anne's Agne Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. After the death of Emily and Anne, Charlotte continued writing and published her next important novel Shirley. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853, her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience in Brussels.
（3） George Eliot （1819-1880）， pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born into an estate agent's family in Warwickshird, England. In 1857, wrote her first three stories which were later published in book under the title of Scenes of Clerical Life. Then there came successively her three most popular novels, Adam Bede（1859）， The Mill On the Floss （1860） and Silas Marner （1861）， all drawn from her lifelong knowledge of English country life and notable for their realistic details, pungent characterization and high moral tone. In 1863, she published Romala, a full elaborately documented story of Florence; then followed Felix Holt, the Radical, her only novel on English politics. Iin 1872, Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot's greatest achievement, came out.
概况部分答案
1.选择题 A 2. A 3. A 4 A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8 B 9 B 10A
2. 填空题（1）11. Colorado Valley
（2）12.Great Salt
（3）13.50, federal
（4）14.1776 （5）15.Mississippi
（6）16.Canada
（7）37Washington （8）38northeastern
（9）Space City
（10）Mississippi River
主观题。（1） How did the Civil Wars break out? What were the consequences of the Civil Wars? -- Charles I, also believed “the Divine Right of kings”。 His prerogative rights should not be challenged by anyone. It encouraged confrontation with Parliament, whose members had become increasingly Puritan in sympathy. He managed to rule England for 11 years without Parliament. But in 1640, Charles needed money and feared the invasion of the Scots and had to call the Long Parliament. Then a whole series of measures were introduced by the Parliament limiting the authority of the Crown while increasing its own. Thus, by 1642, the king and the commons were at each other's throats, war was inevitable. In 1642, the first Civil War broke out. By autumn 1646, Parliament held most of England and next year Charles was captured but escaped. He made a deal with the Scots who invaded England but were defeated by Cromwell. Thus was the beginning of the Second Civil War. In November 1648, the king was captured again and condemned to death. The English Civil Wars have been seen a conflict between Parliament and the king, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown. The English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
（2） Why and how did the English Parliament come into being? -- After king John died in 1216, his son became Henry III. He filled the most important offices with foreigners, undertook an expensive war which ended in the loss of a large land and demanded more money to enable his son to be king of Sicily. So the barons rebelled. Under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, they defeated the king in 1264. In 1265, Simon de Montrort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster, together with two knights from each country and two citizens from each town. This meeting has been considered as the earliest parliament. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament. Both Houses were called to agree to taxation. The Commons could present petitions to the king which were the first parliamentary bills. But Parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions. The most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.
现代汉语部分（30分）
一。给划有底线的字注音并标音调；找出错别字，并把注音和正确的字写在答题纸上。（5分）
1.万念俱灰 2.三顾茅庐 3. 推本溯源 4.恬不知耻
1.事半功倍 6. 吮痛舔痔shun 7.稍安勿躁 8.色厉内荏 ren
1.倾箱倒箧qie 10. 美女簪花zan
a）回答下列文学常识（10分）
1、著名作家（矛盾 ）的农村三部曲分别是 《春蚕》 《秋收》 《残冬》
2.我国古代经典著作四书五经四书是大学中庸论语孟子五经是《诗经》 《周易》 《尚书》 《礼记》 和（春秋）。
3.历史剧蔡文姬的作者是现代杰出作家 （ 郭沫若）
4. 鸳鸯蝴蝶派是兴起于清末，盛行于辛亥革命后至五四运动前后的文学流派。其作品始终不离“卅六鸳鸯同命鸟，一双蝴蝶可怜虫”之类的描写，故名。该流派创办的期刊之一，《礼拜六》周刊时间长，影响大，因此又被称作（礼拜六派） 。代表性作家有徐枕亚的 《玉梨魂》（李定实 ）的《美人福》。
5.（ 刘呐欧）是二三十年代中国新感觉派小说的主要作家之一，其作品收录于短篇小说集《都市风景线》。
三。 名词解释（6分）
1.朱自清
中国著名的散文家，字沛弦。他一生致力于散文写作，写出许多优秀的作品。《背影》是其中的代表作之一，表现了父子情深，感情真挚，催人泪下。《匆匆》表现了对时光消逝的感叹和无奈。
2.散文
散文是与诗歌 、小说、戏剧 并称的一种文学体裁，指不讲究韵律的散体文章，包括杂文 、随笔 、游记 等。是最自由的文体，不讲究音韵，不讲究排比，没有任何的束缚及限制，也是中国最早出现的行文体例。通常一篇散文具有一个或多个中心思想，以抒情、记叙、论理等方式表达。
3.弗洛伊德
奥地利著名的心理学家，他提出精神分析的理论，被称为是精神分析之父。他还提出了俄狄浦斯情结即恋母情结的存在；这对文学作品分析提供了新的角度，著有《梦的解析》对后世心理学及其相关学科发展产生了深远影响，为人类的进步作出了重要贡献。
五。译文：（9分）
阳货想让孔子去拜见他，孔子不去见，他便赠送非孔子一只[蒸熟的]小猪。孔子暗中打听到阳货不在家，才去回拜他。两人却在途中遇见了。阳货对孔子说：“过来！我有话对你说。”[孔子近前，阳货]说：“把自己的宝物藏在怀里，而听任国家迷乱，这样做可以称为仁吗？”[孔子]说：“不可以。”[阳货又说：]“喜欢参与政事而又屡次错过机会，可以称为智吗？”[孔子]说：“不可以。”[阳货又说：]“时间消逝了，年岁是不等待人的。”孔子说：“好吧，我将要去做官了” |
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发表于 2016-7-4 11:53:07