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发表于 2016-7-4 13:06:48
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Text C
Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary” and “individual theorists” were in reality connected to a movement -utopian socialism-- which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women's rights conference held at Seneca Falls. New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.
The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group's contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents' energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism. European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians' appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.
Saint-Simon's followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their Utopia.
Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.
36.It can be inferred that the author considers those historians who describe early feminists in the Unrated:
States as “solitary” to be
A insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought
B overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848
C not focused narrowly enough in their geo-graphical scope
D insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference
37.According to the passage, which of the following
is true of the Seneca Falls conference on women's rights?
A It was primarily a product of nineteenth-century Saint-Simonian feminist thought.
B It was the work of American activists who were independent of feminists abroad.
C It was the culminating achievement of the Utopian socialist movement.
D It was a manifestation of an international movement for social change and feminism
38.The author's attitude toward most European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians
is primarily one of
A approval of the specific focus of their research
B disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians' energy after 1832
C approval of their general focus on social conditions
D disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterparts
39. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that study of Saint-Simonianism is necessary
for historians of American feminism because such study
A would clarify the ideological origins of those feminist ideas that influenced American feminism
B would increase understanding of a movement that deeply influenced the Utopian socialism of early American feminists
C would focus attention on the most important aspect of Saint-Simonian thought before 1832
D promises to offer insight into a movement that was a direct outgrowth of the Seneca Falls conference of 1848
40. According to the passage, which of the following would be the most accurate description of the
society envisioned by most Saint-Simonians?
A A society in which women were highly regarded for their extensive education
B A society in which the two genders played complementary roles and had equal status
C A society in which women did not enter public life
D A social order in which a body of men and women would rule together on the basis of their spiritual power
Text D
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies （or friends） in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles （“feedback”） are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons （humorous drawings of people or situations） as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters （substances that transmit nerve impulses.） The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow's feet” wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
41. The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to
A curious
B unhappy
C thoughtful
D uncertain
42. The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to
A differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it
B support Darwin's theory of evolution
C provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
D contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
43. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning to
A estimate
B agree
C expect
D understand
44. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of
New Guinea?
A They did not want to be shown photographs.
B They were famous for their story-telling skills.
C They knew very little about Western culture.
D They did not encourage the expression of emotions.
45. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?
A They would become less intense.
B They would last longer than usual.
C They would cause problems later.
D They would become more negative.
TEXT E
A magazine's design is more than decoration, more than simple packaging. It expresses the magazine's very character. The Atlantic Monthly has long attempted to provide a design environment in which two disparate traditions-literary and journalistic-can co-exist in pleasurable dignity. The redesign that we introduce with this issue-the work of our art director, Judy Garlan-represents, we think, a notable enhancement of that environment. Garlan explains some of what was in her mind as she began to create the new design: “I saw this as an opportunity to bring the look closer to matching the elegance and power of the writing which the magazine is known for. The overall design has to be able to encompass a great diversity of styles and subjects-urgent pieces of reporting, serious essays, lighter pieces, lifestyle-oriented pieces, short stories, poetry. We don't want lighter pieces to seem too heavy, and we don't want heavier pieces to seem too petty. We also use a broad range of art and photography, and the design has to work well with that, too. At the same time, the magazine needs to have a consistent feel, needs to underscore the sense that everything in it is part of one Atlantic World. The primary typefaces Garlan chose for this task are Times Roman, for a more readable body type, and Bauer Bodoni, for a more stylish and flexible display type （article titles, large initials, and so on）。 Other aspects of the new design are structural. The articles in the front of the magazine, which once flowed into one another, now stand on their own, to gain prominence. The Travel column, now featured in every issue, has been moved from the back to the front. As noted in this space last month, the word ”Monthly“ rejoins ”The Atlantic“ on the cover, after a decade long absence. Judy Garlan came to the Atlantic in 1981 after having served as the art director of several other magazines. During her tenure here The Atlantic has won more than 300 awards for visual excellence, from the Society of illustrators, the American Institute of Graphic Arts, the Art Directors Club, Communication Arts, and elsewhere. Garlan was in various ways assisted in the redesign by the entire art-department staff: Robin Gilmore, Barnes, Betsy Urrico, Gillian Kahn, and Is a Manning. The artist Nicholas Gaetano contributed as well: he redrew our colophon （the figure of Neptune that appears on the contents page） and created the symbols that will appear regularly on this page （a rendition of our building）， on the Puzzler page, above the opening of letters, and on the masthead. Gaetano, whose work manages to combine stylish clarity and breezy strength, is the cover artist for this issue.
46. Part of the new design is to be concerned with the following EXCEPT ___.
A. variation in the typefaces
B. reorganization of articles in the front
C. creation of the travel column
D. reinstatement of its former name
47. According to the passage, the new design work involves ___.
A. other artists as well
B. other writers as well
C. only the cover artist
D. only the art director
48. This article aims to ___.
A. emphasize the importance of a magazine's design
B. introduce the magazine's art director
C. persuade the reader to subscribe to the magazine
D. inform the reader of its new design and features
II writing （54points）
Some people hold the view that a student's success in university study follows the same pattern as that of fanning, which is characterized by the sowing the seeds, nurturing growth and harvesting the rewards' process. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic given below to support this view with your own experience as a university student.SOWING THE SEEDS,NURTURING GROWTH AND HARVESTING THE REWARDS
In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow then above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. |
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