2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及答案（海天版）

海天考研

　　Section I Use of English
　　Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for  each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background  information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might  seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are  unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability  to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the  daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorised  that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to  send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other  defendants only to forced community service on that day.
　　To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the  university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant  should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview  during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.
　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31  admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of  one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The  scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the  GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a  decision on whether to accept him or her.
　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a  daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of  the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by  an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the  effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points  than would otherwise have been _20__.
　　1. A grants B submits C transmits D dilivers
　　2. A minor B external C crucial D objective
　　3. A issue B vision C picture D moment
　　4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example
　　5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless
　　6. A in B for C to D on
　　7. A if B until C though D unless
　　8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote
　　9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success
　　10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified
　　11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional
　　12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured
　　13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged
　　14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave
　　15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather
　　16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced
　　17. A below B after C above D before
　　18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop
　　19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard
　　20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpful
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kyfour

　　Section II Reading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions  below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER  SHEET 1. (40 points)
　　Text 1
　　In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda  Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for  imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how  the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years  from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which  the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
　　This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more  out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed,  Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last  decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels  such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and  anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted  inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels  encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant  to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to  renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at  dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion  cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
　　The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to  designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its  2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas  labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive  amounts of harmful chemicals.
　　Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist  bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced  clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable  and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20  billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how  much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
　　Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a  Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of  her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note,  it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be  knocked off.
　　Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb  their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its  green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only  be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many  advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a  constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they  can’t afford not to.
　　21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
　　[A] poor bargaining skill.
　　[B] insensitivity to fashion.
　　[C] obsession with high fashion.
　　[D] lack of imagination.
　　22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
　　[A] combat unnecessary waste.
　　[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.
　　[C] resist the influence of advertisements.
　　[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
　　23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
　　[A] accusation.
　　[B] enthusiasm.
　　[C] indifference.
　　[D] tolerance.
　　24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?
　　[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
　　[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
　　[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
　　[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
　　25. What is the subject of the text?
　　[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
　　[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
　　[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
　　[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
　　Text 2
　　An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are  wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at  least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what  people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim  “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.
　　In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to  advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume  that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should  they have explicit permission?
　　In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed  adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that  users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed  .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT  ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and  Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get  cracking on responging to DNT requests.
　　On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet  Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a  default.
　　It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT  signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies  have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to  behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default,  some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
　　Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has  an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though  it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which  relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem  an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has  compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that  count before. Brendon Lynch, M
　　Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?
　　26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
　　[A] ease competition among themselves
　　[B] lower their operational costs
　　[C] avoid complaints from consumers
　　[D] provide better online services
　　27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
　　[A] online advertisers
　　[B] e-commerce conductors
　　[C] digital information analysis
　　[D] internet browser developers
　　28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
　　[A] many cut the number of junk ads
　　[B] fails to affect the ad industry
　　[C] will not benefit consumers
　　[D] goes against human nature
　　29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?
　　[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
　　[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
　　[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers
　　[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
　　30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
　　[A] indulgence
　　[B] understanding
　　[C] appreciaction
　　[D] skepticism
　　Text 3
　　Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely -  though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and  technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of  fulfillment and opportunity for all.
　　Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper  appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to  epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume  that humanity has little future to look forward to.
　　But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many  species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a  broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes  clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not  hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List"  of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation  of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the  species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and  there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
　　So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers  and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For  example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical  clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence  .
　　Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy  timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution  of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly  complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and  futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's  one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the  near future.
　　But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can  say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to  the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns  shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make  evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants  will find themselves.
　　This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects  seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all  rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks  that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot  of those to come.
　　31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
　　[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment
　　[B] our faith in science and technology
　　[C] our awareness of potential risks
　　[D] our belief in equal opportunity
　　32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are
　　[A] a sustained species
　　[B] a threaten to the environment
　　[C] the world’s dominant power
　　[D] a misplaced race
　　33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
　　[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
　　[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
　　[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
　　[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.
　　34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
　　[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources
　　[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world
　　[C] draw on our experience from the past
　　[D] curb our ambition to reshape history
　　35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
　　[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
　　[B] Evolution of the Human Species
　　[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
　　[D] Science, Technology and Humanity
　　Text 4
　　On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of  Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama  Aministration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the  decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.
　　An arizona.United States,the majority overturned three of the four  contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and  local police enfour federal immigrations law.The Constitutional  principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform  Rule of Anturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are  noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran  to the existing federal ones.
　　Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and  the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal  sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had  deliberately "occupied the field " and Arizona had thus intruded on the  federal's privileged powers
　　However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to  verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law  enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint  federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state  officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
　　Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence  Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which  Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major  objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more  robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition  Acts.
　　The 8-0 objection to President Obama tures on what Justice Samuel  Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of  federal executive power”. The White House argued tha Arizona’s laws  conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied  with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed  that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it  disagrees with.
　　Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and  control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress  wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check  immigration status,it could.It could.It never did so.The administration  was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out  Congress's immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so  either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
　　36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they
　　[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.
　　[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.
　　[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.
　　[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.
　　37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?
　　[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.
　　[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.
　　[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
　　[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
　　38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts
　　[A] violated the Constitution.
　　[B] undermined the states’ interests.
　　[C] supported the federal statute.
　　[D] stood in favor of the states.
　　39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement
　　[A] outweighs that held by the states.
　　[B] is dependent on the states’ support.
　　[C] is established by federal statutes.
　　[D] rarely goes against state laws.
　　40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?
　　[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
　　[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.
　　[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
　　[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
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kyfour

　　Part B
　　Directions:
　　In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For  Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit  into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do  not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10  points）
　　The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost  half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the  world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World  Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students  worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
　　Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s  global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable  development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary  agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically  engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are  social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and  prosperity.
　　(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the  opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the  great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation  without creative destruction .
　　Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary  problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with  external impact.
　　Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords  “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since  2004,(43)____
　　When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is  often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on  Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much  to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
　　The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding  (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right  direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should  not expect more in today’s economic climate.
　　The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union  Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically  targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be  changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have  such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social  scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather  ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative  endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global  problems.
　　[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social
　　scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly
　　specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing
　　elsewhere,such as policy briefs.
　　[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the
　　100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these
　　Keywords.
　　[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other  categories, including health and demographic change food security,  marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and  inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
　　[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic  community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges  and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from  scientists, especially the young ones.
　　[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all  require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as  technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is  as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance  as it is about developing clean energy.
　　[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant  to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a  proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research  and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable  development .
　　[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences  and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development  funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate  -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about  15%.
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kyfour

　　Part C
　　Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate  the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written  clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
　　It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the  individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no  doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express,  fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;  (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the  homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these  gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of  decoration and creative expression.
　　One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the  midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a  phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it  may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a  distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the  latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer  becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible  by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The  gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce  from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not  discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the  inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
　　Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to  arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its  abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of  trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we  usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find  ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In  most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of  plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to  represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of  colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves  as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy  elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural  world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that  fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to  describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a  yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny  representational forms.
　　46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by  the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,  these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of  decoration and creative expression.
　　47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a  distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal  need.
　　48. The gardens of the homeless which are in efffect homeless  garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t  exist or was not discernible as such
　　49 . Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we  usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find  ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic
　　50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully  justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to  describe these synthetic constructions.
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kyfive

　　Section III Writing
　　Part A
　　51.Directions:
　　Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your  college,inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech  contest.
　　You should include the details you think necessary.
　　You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail.Use “Li Ming”instead.
　　Do not write the address.(10 points)
　　Part B
　　52.Directions:
　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay,you should
　　1) describe the drawing briefly.
　　2) interpret its intended meaning ,and
　　3) give your comments.
　　You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)

tmd(1).png

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　　2013年全国研究生入学考试
　　英语一答案
　　1.A(grants)
　　2. B(external)
　　3. C（picture）
　　4. D(for example)
　　5. B(fearful)
　　6. D(on)
　　7. A(if)
　　8. A(test)
　　9. D(success)
　　10.C(chosen)
　　11.A(otherwise)
　　12.C(conducted)
　　13.B(rated)
　　14.C(took)
　　15.B(then)
　　16.C(marked)
　　17.D(before)
　　18.D(drop)
　　19.B(undo)
　　20.A(necessary)
　　Text 1
　　21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
　　[B] insensitivity to fashion.
　　22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
　　[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
　　23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
　　[A] accusation.
　　24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph
　　[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing
　　25. What is the subject of the text
　　[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
　　Text 2
　　26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
　　[B] lower their operational costs
　　27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
　　[A] online advertisers
　　28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
　　[C] will not benefit consumers
　　29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6
　　[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
　　30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
　　[D] skepticism
　　Text3
　　31·[B]  our faith in science and technology
　　32·[A]  a sustained species
　　33·[D]  Our Immediate future is hard to conceive
　　34·[C]  draw onour experience from the past
　　35·[C]  TheEver-bright Prospects of Mankind
　　Text 4
　　36. [C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law
　　37. [C]States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
　　38. [D]stood in favor of the states
　　39. [A] outweighs that held by the states
　　40. [B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.
　　41.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior .all  require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as  technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is  as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance  as it is about developing clean energy.
　　42.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem  reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms  over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science  research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable  development .
　　43.[B] However, the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of  the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of  these keywords.
　　44.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences  and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development  funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate  -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about  15%.
　　45.[C] the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their  work with other categories, including health and demographic change food  security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient  energy;and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
　　46. 然而,令人震惊的是,当人们看到又无家可归者建造的花园照片时,由于风格的多样性,所有这些花园显示了超越了装饰与创造性表现的其它各种各样的基本诉求.
　　47.尽管可能有点简陋,但这一神圣和平之地明显象征着人类需求,就好比外壳明显象征着动物需求.
　　48. 那些无家可归者的花园实际上是"无家可归"的家园,同花园被引入了城市,在那儿,它们之前即不存在也未曾像这样可以被辨识.
　　49 . 我们中的大部分人屈服于道德败坏,在某些心理状态下我们通常归咎于道德败坏,直到有一天我们发现自己身处花园,压迫感奇迹般地消失了.
　　50. 尽管在某种被解放的意义上,但正是这种含蓄或明显的对大自然的引用认可了使用“花园”一词来描述这些被合成的建筑。
　　51.
　　Dear Mr. Smith,
　　As a member of the Students’ Union, I am writing this letter to  request whether you could serve as a judge in the English speech contest  to be held in our university next Saturday.
　　This contest aims at improving the students’ communicative and  practical ability in English, the details of which are as follows. To  begin with, the participants are mainly the seniors who will step into  the society three months later. In addition, the theme is concerning the  utmost significance of future choice after graduation.
　　It is my sincere hope that you can present yourself in this  extracurricular activity. I am looking forward to a favorable reply at  your earliest convenience.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　Li Ming
　　52. 参考范文：
　　The set of cartoon given above dramatically features a scene of  college graduates choosing their future destination. When stepping out  of the ivory tower, the would-be graduates will confront with multiple  choices, such as hunting a job, taking part in National Entrance  Examination for MS/MA. What is conveyed in the picture carries a  far-reaching implication for both us and our society.
　　The drawing is designed to remind us of the crucial importance of  the distinctive goal in future development, which is a practical issue  confronting every would-be graduate. On the one hand, for a real road,  if stepping on a wrong way, one can return to the original point, but  life is a one-way journey: one cannot start it all over again. Different  choices in life may make great differences. On the other hand, to some  extent, future is a combination of choices and efforts. Some people even  believe that one’s success depends more on how intelligently he chooses  than on how diligently he works. With a wrong direction the farther we  go, the farther we are away from our dream.
　　Therefore, positive mental guidance must be popularized among the  public, especially the young to help them keep a clear mind and make  wise choices in the life journey. Besides, every youngster should be  educated to realize his position and the reality and choose his life  goal in a down-to-earth manner. Only with a right direction and  destination can all the efforts make towards our dream pay off.