2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及答案（海天版）

海天考研

　　Section 1  Use of Eninglish
　　Directions :
　　Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
　　His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on  all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to  the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The  United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.
　　GI .joe  had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and  Korean troops . He appers as a character  ,or a (12 ) of american  personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow -and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.
　　1.[A] performed   [B]served    [C]rebelled    [D]betrayed
　　2.[A] actual   [B]common    [C]special    [D]normal
　　3.[A]bore    [B]cased    [C]removed    [D]loaded
　　4.[A]necessities    [B]facilitice    [C]commodities    [D]propertoes
　　5.[A]and    [B]nor    [C]but    [D]hence
　　6.[A]for    [B]into    [C] form   [D]against
　　7.[A]meaning    [B]implying    [C]symbolizing    [D]claiming
　　8.[A]handed out    [B]turn over    [C]brought back    [D]passed down
　　9.[A]pushed    [B]got    [C]made    [D]managed
　　10.[A]ever    [B]never    [C]either    [D]neither
　　11.[A]disguised    [B]disturbed    [C]disputed    [D]distinguished
　　12.[A]company    [B]collection    [C]community    [D]colony
　　13.[A]employed    [B]appointed    [C]interviewed    [D]questioned
　　14.[A]ethical    [B]military    [C]political    [D]human
　　15.[A]ruined    [B]commuted    [C]patrolled    [D]gained
　　16.[A]paralleled    [B]counteracted    [C]duplicated    [D]contradicted
　　17.[A]neglected    [B]avoided    [C]emphasized    [D]admired
　　18.[A]stages    [B]illusions    [C]fragments    [D]advancea
　　19.[A]With    [B]To    [C]Among    [D]Beyond
　　20.[A]on the contrary    [B] by this means   [C]from the outset    [D]at that point
　　Section II Resdiong Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions:
　　Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
　　Text 1
　　Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
　　This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
　　District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
　　At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
　　The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
　　21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that  nowadays homework_____.
　　[A] is receiving more criticism
　　[B]is no longer an educational ritual
　　[C]is not required for advanced courses
　　[D]is gaining more preferences
　　22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.
　　[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education
　　[B]have asked for a different educational standard
　　[C]may have problems finishing their homework
　　[D]have voiced their complaints about homework
　　23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.
　　[A]discourage students from doing homework
　　[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards
　　[C]undermine the authority of state tests
　　[D]restrict teachers' power in education
　　24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminated
　　[B]it counts much in schooling
　　[C]it places extra burdens on teachers
　　[D]it is important for grades
　　25.A suitable title for this text could be______.
　　[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy
　　[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
　　[C]Thorny Questions about Homework
　　[D]A Faulty Approach to Homework
　　Text2
　　Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
　　Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
　　I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.
　　Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.
　　26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.
　　[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood
　　[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence
　　[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination
　　[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests
　　27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？
　　[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.
　　[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.
　　[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.
　　[D]White is prefered by babies.
　　28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.
　　[A]the marketing of products for children
　　[B]the observation of children's nature
　　[C]researches into children's behavior
　　[D]studies of childhood consumption
　　29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.
　　[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes
　　[B]attach equal importance to different genders
　　[C]classify consumers into smaller groups
　　[D]create some common shoppers' terms
　　30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.
　　[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency
　　[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers
　　[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
　　[D]well interpreted by psychological experts
            
            

kysix

　　Text 3
　　In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its  core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005  some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled  that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The  Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured  members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
　　On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal  appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics  could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's  risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in  Utah,said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
　　But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine,  the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably  not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene  is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress  innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict  access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to  agree.Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to  genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in  the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a  product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated  from cotton seeds. ”
　　Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain  unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole  genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case  may yet reach the Supreme Court.
　　AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even  greater impact.companies are unlikely to file many more patents for  human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in  the public domain  .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that  might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s  efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the  dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.
　　Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue,  brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its  next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to  coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was  packed.
　　31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----
　　A.their executives to be active
　　B.judges to rule out gene patenting
　　C.genes to be patcntablc
　　D.the BIO to issue a warning
　　32.those who are against gene patents believe that----
　　A.genetic tests are not reliable
　　B.only man-made products are patentable
　　C.patents on  genes depend much on innovatiaon
　　D.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests
　　33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----
　　A.establishing disease comelations
　　B.discovering gene interactions
　　C.drawing pictures of genes
　　D.identifying human DNA
　　34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----
　　A.the supreme court was authoritative
　　B.the BIO was a powerful organization
　　C.gene patenting was a great concern
　　D.lawyers were keen to attend conventiongs
　　35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----
　　A.critical
　　B.supportive
　　C.scornful
　　D.objective
　　Text 4
　　The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,
　　it will likely change the life course and character of a generation  of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our  politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.
　　No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this  national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while  extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less  materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the  struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will  leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our  national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a  necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
　　But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far  off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic  historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S.  ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always  left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually  stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant  sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and  classes.
　　Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not  shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may  reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them---  especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the  economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people  graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with  degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they  otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is  the masses beneath them that are left behind.
　　In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment  that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in  the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting  society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially  tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a  variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed  results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will  reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so  the longer they extend.
　　36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.
　　[A]seek subsidies from the govemment
　　[B]explore reasons for the unermployment
　　[C]make profits from the troubled economy
　　[D]look on the bright side of the recession
　　37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.
　　[A]realize the national dream
　　[B]struggle against each other
　　[C]challenge their lifestyle
　　[D]reconsider their lifestyle
　　38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.
　　[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants
　　[B]bring out more evils of human nature
　　[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms
　　[D]ease conflicts between races and classes
　　39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.
　　[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
　　[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees
　　[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’
　　[D]recover more quickly than the others
　　40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.
　　[A]certain
　　[B]positive
　　[C]trivial
　　[D]destructive
　　Part B
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text and answer the questions by finding  information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked  details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the  right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)
　　“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in  this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked  here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is  not.
　　Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite  historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze,  but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the  past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested  in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.
　　From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history  meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch  began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men,  highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch  celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top.  This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on  its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and  boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of  successful leaders.
　　Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics  commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing  the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public  glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help  as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and  explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of  self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity,  issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character,  exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for  himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright  and Josiah  Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his  difficult life.
　　This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his  biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell  and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to  imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere  mortals.
　　Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no  immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does  all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their  record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic  realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch  stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as  they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by  themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and  transmitted from the past.”
　　This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the  past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP  Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside  biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from  gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked  the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history  too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
　　[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
　　41. Petrarch[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
　　42. Niccolo Machiavellli[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives  were hard to imitate.
　　43. Samuel Smiles[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
　　44. Thomas Carlyle[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
　　45. Marx and Engels[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
　　[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.
　　Section III   Translation
　　46.Directions:
　　Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your  translation on  ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)
　　When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are  usually  concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure  to Silicon Valley or  to hospitals and universities in the developed  world ,These are the kind  of workers  that countries like Britian  ,Canada  and  Australia try to attract by using immigration   rules that  privilege college graduates .
　　Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from  developing countries  are particularly likely to emigrate .A  big   survey of Indian households in 2004  found that nearly 40%of emigrants  had more than a high-school  education,compared with around 3.3%of all  Indians over the age of 25.This "brain  drain "has long bothered  policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts  their economies  ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have  taught  at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever  new  products for their factories to make .
　　Section IV   Writing
　　Part A
　　47.Directions
　　Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic  dictionary that you  bought  from an onlin store the other day ,Write an  email to the customer service  center to
　　1)make a complaint and
　　2)demand a prompt  solution
　　You should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2
　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .
　　48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should
　　1)describe the table ,and
　　2)give your comments
　　You should write at least 150 words(15points)
　　某公司员工工作满意度调查
　　年龄  -------满意度满意不清楚不满意
　　小于等于40岁16.7P.03．3%
　　41-50岁0.06.0d.0%
　　大于50岁40.050.0.0%
　　参考答案：
　　完形填空：
　　1.B  2.B  3.A  4.A  5.C
　　6.B  7.C  8.A  9.D  10.B
　　11.D  12.B  13.C  14.D  15.B
　　16.A  17.C  18.B  19.B  20.D
　　TEXT1：
　　21. A  22.C   23.A   24.B   25.D
　　TEXT2：
　　26.A  27.B  28.A  29.C  30.C
　　TEXT3：
　　31.C  32.B  33.A  34.D  35.D
　　TEXT4：
　　36.D  37.D  38.B  39.D  40.A
　　新题型：
　　41-45：AFGCE
　　小作文范文：
　　Dear Sir or Madame,
　　As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing  this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product-an  electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.
　　The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study.  Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with,  when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had been  scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the  advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel  that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on  the keyboard do not work.
　　I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and  effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the  quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund  me my money in full.
　　I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　Zhang Wei