2013年考研英语基础阶段测试卷九

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　　SectionⅠUse of English
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points )
        　　Most people who travel long distance complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 1 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 2 of your"body clock"—a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 3. The body clock is designed for a 4 rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 5 daylight and darkness at the"wrong"times in a new time zone. The 6 of jetlag often persist for days 7 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone.
        　　Now a new anti-jetlag system is 8 that is based on proven 9 pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore Ede had 10 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 11 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 12 of the discomfort of jetlag.
        　　A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 13 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 14 light exposure depends a great deal on 15 travel plans.
        　　Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual’s sleep 16 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 17 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.
        　　When the Trip Guide calls 18 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, 19 you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 20 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.
        　　1. A. from　　　B. of 　　C. for　　D. to
        　　2. A. eruption　　B. disruption　　C. rupture　　D. corruption
        　　3. A. actions　　B. functions　　C. behavior　　D. reflection
        　　4. A. formal　　B. continual　　C. regular　　D. circular
        　　5. A. experiences　　B. possesses　　C. encounters 　　D. retains
        　　6. A. signs 　　B. defects　　C. diseases　　D. symptoms
        　　7. A. if　　B. whereas　　C. while　　D. although
        　　8. A. agreeable　　B. available　　C. adaptable　　D. approachable
        　　9. A. extensive 　　B. tentative　　C. broad 　　D. inclusive
        　　10. A. devised 　　B. scrutinized　　C. visualized　　D. recognized
        　　11. A. in　　B. as　　C. at　　D. through
        　　12. A. more　　B. little　　C. most 　　D. least
        　　13. A. shed 　　B. retrieve　　 C. seek　　 D. attain
        　　14. A. inB. for　　C. on 　　D. with
        　　15. A. specific　　B. complicated　　C. unique　　D. peculiar
        　　16. A. mode　　B. style 　　C. norm 　　D. pattern
        　　17. A. directories　　B. commentaries　　 C. instructions 　　D. specifications
        　　18. A. up　　B. off　　C. on　　D. for
        　　19. A. or　　B. but　　C. and　　D. while
        　　20. A. spur　　B. stimulus　　C. agitation　　D. acceleration

kythree

        　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension
        　　Part A
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
        　　Text 1
        　　Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men. Polygyny and polyandry are often linked under the single term"polygamy", a marriage of one individual to two or more spouses.
        　　Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form. The reason for this is clear: the proportion of male to female births in any human society is roughly the same, and if this proportion is maintained among the sexually mature, a preponderance of plural marriages means that a considerable number of either men or women must remain unmarried. No society can maintain itself under such conditions; the emotional stresses would be too great to be survived. Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other. In short, monogamy not only prevails in most of the world’s societies, either as the only approved form of marriage or as the only feasible form, but it may also prevail within a polygamous society where, very often, only a minority of the population can actually secure more than one spouse.
        　　In a polygynous household, the husband must supply a house and garden for each of his wives. The wives live with him in turn, cooking and serving for him during the period of his visit. The first wife takes precedence over the others. Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny. It is often the result of a disproportion in the ratio of men to women.
        　　In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives.
        　　21. A marriage between several men and women should be called .
        　　Apolygyny　　Bpolyandry　　Cmonogamy　　Dnot mentioned
        　　22. According to the second paragraph, in societies that encourage polygamous marriages, .
        　　Apolygamy is the predominant form of marriages
        　　Bmost of the individuals usually have multiple spouses
        　　Cthere are usually a greater of proportion of men than women
        　　Dpeople are not necessarily married to multiple partners
        　　23. The author believes that plural marriages occur on substantial scales only in societies in which .
        　　Apolygyny is not prohibited
        　　Bone sex greatly outnumbers the other
        　　Cmost people are undereducated
        　　Da minority of people are very rich and powerful
        　　24. According to the third paragraph, polyandry .
        　　Ameans the husband must provide for the livelihood of his wives
        　　Bis a marriage tradition in which the first husband takes precedence over the others
        　　Cis much rarer than other marriage forms
        　　Dis often the result of women outnumbering men
        　　25. We can infer from the last paragraph that .
        　　Amany people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies
        　　Bthose societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral
        　　Cpolygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies
        　　Dthe author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted

kythree

        　　Text 2
        　　More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.
        　　It’s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a growing recommendation from his former employers.
        　　Of course, we have no statistics on crime that go undetected. But it’s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.
        　　For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed.
        　　Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.
        　　All too often, their demands have been met. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company’s executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.
        　　26It is implied in the third paragraph that .
        　　A. most computer criminals who are caught have only to have only to blame their bad luck
        　　B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem
        　　C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes
        　　D. many more computer crimes go undetected than those discovered
        　　27Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
        　　A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.
        　　B. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.
        　　C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.
        　　D. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information
        　　28What may happen to computer criminals once they are set free without being charged?
        　　A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find other jobs.
        　　B. They may walk away and easily find another jobs.
        　　B. They will be denied access to confidential records.
        　　D. They must leave the country or go to jail.
        　　29The passage is mainly about .
        　　A. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment
        　　B. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections
        　　C. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers
        　　D. why computer crimes can’t be eliminated
        　　30. Which of the following results that the computer criminals might get is different from other lawbreakers?
        　　A. To be driven out of the country.　　B. To become a prisoner.
        　　C. To commit suicide. D. To be recommended somewhere else.

kyfive

        　　Text 3
        　　Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.
        　　An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet’s dominant, most distinctive feature——the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one third of the Earth’s surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth’s surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.
        　　The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.
        　　To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100, 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvas of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.
        　　31.What is the main point of the passage?
        　　A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.
        　　B. There are thousands of insect species.
        　　C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.
        　　D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.
        　　32.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs (lines 4~6) ?
        　　A. They are approximately the same size. 　　B. They share many similar species.
        　　C. Most of their inhabitants require water. 　D. Both have many different forms of life.
        　　33.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are .
        　　A. insects 　　B. bacteria　　C. mammals 　　D. birds
        　　34.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because .
        　　A. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea
        　　B. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions
        　　C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories
        　　D. marine life forms reproduce at a faster rate
        　　35.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?
        　　A.Ocean life in highly adaptive.
        　　B.More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.
        　　C.Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
        　　D.The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.

kyone

        　　Text 4
        　　Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community’s moral precepts. Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapore’s use of corporal punishment to maintain social order. Was Fay’s punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.
        　　The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.
        　　In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.
        　　In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.
        　　36. The best title of this passage would be .
        　　ACrime and Punishment
        　　BReward and Punishment
        　　CSocial Order
        　　DTwo Case Studies: Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca
        　　37. According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?
        　　AChildren must be obedient to their parents.
        　　BPeople must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.
        　　CPeople should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.
        　　DPeople should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.
        　　38. What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?
        　　AMany Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.
        　　BThe American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.
        　　CThe caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.
        　　DMichael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.
        　　39. What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?
        　　ATo stop giving them pocket money.
        　　BTo persuade them in a gentle way.
        　　CTo verbally humiliate them.
        　　DTo threaten to expel them from the home.
        　　40. The word"stigma"(fourth paragraph) most probably means .
        　　AironyBverbal abuseCpersuasionDbad reputation

kyfive

        　　Part B
        　　Directions:
        　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed .For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
        　　I had a man tell me that the problem women have is that we get more hung up on a man’s words than we do their actions. He meant that we don’t always see if a man walks his talk. We get all caught up in the words, and ignore the value of his actions.
        　　How many of us get snowballed by what a man says to us? 41)__________________.But how many of us actually put more weight or at least equal weight on what they display for actions? I’d venture to say not many of us.
        　　And why do we do that? That is the real question. Perhaps some of us just get so caught up in the fact that a man is merely talking to begin with. And even more so the fact that they are talking to us. How many of us walk around life starving from lack of conversation, stimulating conversation, with a man?
        　　When we first meet someone we are intrigued by what makes them click how they view life. We compare interests and goals. We even analyze whether or not we can see ourselves sharing our life with them. 42)________________________.
        　　So why don’t we look at a man’s actions? Probably because very few actions mirror the words we hear. 43)_______________________________________.Does that make us terrible people? No, but it sure does make us feel like a fool at times.
        　　Another man told me the secret men know what women want to hear so they tell us, in order for them to get what it is they want. I don’t know if it’s that calculated, but it would make some sense, even if it’s instinctual.
        　　If we were to start judging a man by his words and actions, what would be the outcome? For me, the outcome would be sweet. 44) ___________________________.
        　　And who let me down? Me I am the one that rationalized why they never called me, or sent me flowers, or sent me love notes, or just plain put in as much effort as I did. I settled and that hurt me in the end.
        　　So what have I done about it? 45)__________________________________________.I look to see the connection in a man’s actions. Are they putting as much of an effort into the relationship? Do I feel that they really feel what they say they are feeling? And to a fault, I am skeptical at best that they truly mean what they say. Our best ally is our gut feeling and we are very guilty of ignoring it. When we ignore it we are destined to get hurt.
        　　[A]We like the way their words make us feel. And only after the relationship is over do we realize that we were fools in taking only what they said to us.
        　　[B]Well it’s still a practicing effort, but I don’t just listen to what a man says.
        　　[C]I’ve seen women that only give as much as they receive from a man, they never share more than what is shared with them, and they never let a man know how they truly feel.
        　　[D]Let’s face it as women we crave conversation. The saying that we never run out of something to talk about is accurate. We always have something to say and want someone to listen.
        　　[E]I wouldn’t feel disappointed or used, less naive, and more respected. I can say that every time I’ve valued only the words I heard was the times that I was let down.
        　　[F]I know only one way to be up front, open, and loving.
        　　[G]All those sweet nothings he whispers, the perfect comment at the perfect moment, and the feelings those words give us.

kysix

        　　Part C
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
        　　In short, agreement on the causes and remedies for global financial contagion (接触传染病)is limited. 46) As a result, the world is pursuing what the experts call"architectural reform"at a distinctly measured pace that is typical of the international financial system. The U.S., in particular, is eager to avoid what it deems (认为) to be hastily crafted solutions that might destabilize a growing but still fragile world economy. It’s an approach to reform that looks more like a plumber fixing leaky pipes than an architect trying to devise a grandiose (宏伟的) new world order. 47) But until a broad international consensus does form, U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence H. Summers, like his predecessor, Robert Rubin, is likely to pursue a cautious, incremental (渐进) strategy, which a U.S. Treasury official calls a financial version of the Hippocratic oath:"…at least, to do no harm."
        　　The Summers Rubin approach does seem to be working, at least for now. Little more than a year ago, as the world teetered(濒临)on a financial precipice(悬崖峭壁), the duo (Summers was then Rubin’s deputy )worked closely with Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan to maintain the strength of the U.S. economy. 48)Their efforts fueled a spending bings(购买热)by American consumers, who snapped up exports not only from hard hit emerging markets but also from recession bound Japan as well as Europe, where growth had slowed. Wall Street stock markets surged, while the U.S. racked up record trade deficits. The trade imbalance is headed for more than $ 300 billion by year’s end, far above last year’s record $ 220 billion.
        　　All that spending is at last helping to generate renewed growth in many parts of the world. 49) The Asian Development Bank has announced that 14 developing countries in the region, after recording growth of just 1% in the final quarter of 1998, had a"substantial"4.8% jump in gross domestic production in the first quarter of this year."In just a few short months, Asia has made great strides in recovering from the worst economic crisis in a generation,"said Myoung Ho Shin, an ADB official."Industrial production and exports in most of the crisis-affected economies are on the rise, and in many cases capital outflows have reversed."
        　　Other emerging markets are also doing much better than expected even a few months ago.
        　　The trouble is that the recovery remains fragile. Most of the improvement has come not from much needed economic reforms but from government pump priming. 50) Result: in Asia each of the five nations hit hardest by the crisis is expected to run a budget deficit equivalent to more than 5% of GDP by the year 2000.

kytwo

        　　Section Ⅲ Writing
        　　Part A
        　　51.Directions:
        　　You are writing to your grandparents to give your apologize that you cann’t visit them in the summer vacation as you have planned. The letter mainly includes:
        　　1)tell them that you can’t go for the social research task
        　　2)say sorry that you can’t keep your words
        　　3)a good wish to them
        　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Jack" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
        　　Part B
        　　52.Directions:
        　　Direction: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to
        　　1)describe the picture and interpret the picture’s meaning
        　　2)give your comments on the phenomenon
        　　3)suggest counter measures
        　　You should write about 200 words neatly.