2013年考研英语基础阶段测试卷八

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　　SectionⅠ Use of English
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points )
        　　Health implies more than physical fitness. It also implies mental and emotional well-being. An angry, frustrated, emotionally 1 person in good physical condition is not 2 healthy. Mental health, therefore, has much to do 3 how a person copes with the world as she/he exists. Many of the factors that 4 physical health also affect mental and emotional well-being.
        　　Having a good self-image means that people have positive 5 pictures and good, positive feelings about themselves, about what they are capable 6, and about the roles they play. People with good self-images like themselves, and they are 7 like others. Having a good self-image is based 8 a realistic 9 of one’s own worth and value and capabilities.
        　　Stress is an unavoidable, necessary, and potentially healthful 10 of our society. People of all ages 11 stress. Children begin to 12 stress during prenatal development and during childbirth. Examples of stress inducing 13 in the life of a young person are death of a pet, pressure to 14 academically, the divorce of parents, or joining a new youth group. The different ways in which individuals 15 to stress may bring healthful or unhealthy results. One person experiencing a great deal of stress may function exceptionally well 16 another may be unable to function at all. If stressful situations are continually encountered, the individual’s physical, social, and mental health are eventually affected.
        　　Satisfying social relations are vital to 17 mental and emotional health. It is believed that in order to 18, develop, and maintain effective and fulfilling social relationships people must 19 the ability to know and trust each other, understand each other, influence, and help each other. They must also be capable of 20 conflicts in a constructive way.
        　　1. A. unstable　　 B. unsure 　　C. imprecise 　　D. impractical
        　　2. A. normally 　　B. generally 　　C. virtually　　 D. necessarily
        　　3. A. on 　　B. at　　 C. to　　 D. with
        　　4. A. signify　　 B. influence 　　C. predict 　　D. mark
        　　5. A. intellectual　　 B. sensual 　　C. spiritual 　　D. mental
        　　6. A. to be doing　　 B. with doing　　 C. to do 　　D. of doing
        　　7. A. able better to　　 B. able to better　　C. better to able 　　D. better able to
        　　8. A. on 　　B. from　　 C. at 　　D. about
        　　9. A. assessment　　 B. decision 　　C. determination 　　D. assistance
        　　10. A. ideality　　 B. realization 　　C. realism 　　D. reality
        　　11. A. occur　　 B. engage 　　C. confront 　　D. encounter
        　　12. A. tolerate　　 B. sustain 　　C. experience 　　D. undertake
        　　13. A. evidence 　　B. accidents　　 C. adventures 　　D. events
        　　14. A. acquire 　　B. achieve 　　C. obtain 　　D. fulfil
        　　15. A. respond 　　B. return 　　C. retort 　　D. reply
        　　16. A. why 　　B. when 　　C. while 　　D. where
        　　17. A. sound　　 B. allround 　　C. entire　　 D. whole
        　　18. A. illuminate　　 B. enunciate 　C. enumerate 　　D. initiate
        　　19. A. access 　　B. assess 　　C. process 　　D. possess
        　　20. A. resolving 　　B. saluting 　　C. desolving 　　D. solving

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        　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension
        　　Part A
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or DMark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)
        　　Text 1
        　　As we have seen in earlier chapters, the American definition of success is largely one of acquiring wealth and a higher material standard of living. It is not surprising, therefore, that Americans have valued education for its monetary value. The belief is wide spread in the United States that the more schooling people have, the more money they will earn when they leave school. The belief is strongest regarding the desirability of an undergraduate university degree, or a professional degree such as medicine or law following the undergraduate degree. The money value of graduate degrees in“nonprofessional”fields such as art, history, or philosophy is not as great.
        　　This belief in the monetary value of education is supported by statistics on income. Ben Wattenberg, a social scientist, estimated that in the course of a lifetime a man with a college degree in 1972 would earn about￥380 000 more than a man with just a high school diploma. Perhaps this helps to explain survey findings which showed that Americans who wished they had led their lives differently in some way regretted most of all that they did not get more education.
        　　The regret is shared by those who have made it to the top and by those who have not. Journalist Richard Reeves quotes a black worker in a Ford automobile factory.
        　　When I was in the ninth grade, I was getting bad grades and messing around. My father came home in the kitchen one night with a pair of Ford work pants and he threw them in my face.“Put these on,”he said,“because you’re going to be wearing them the rest of your life if you don’t get an education.”
        　　Douglas Fraser, the president of the United Auto Workers Union, regretted not finishing high school so much that he occasionally lied about it. He told Richard Reeves about his pride in graduating from high school, but then a few minutes later he said:
        　　I wasn’t telling the truth about high school. I never finished. I quit in the twelfth grade to take a job…It’s funny after all these years, I still lie about it. Because the fact is, I still think it was a stupid thing to do. I should have finished my education.
        　　Even a man like Fraser, a nationally known and successful leader, was troubled by regrets that he did not climb higher on the educational ladder.
        　　21.What is the main idea of this passage?
        　　A.Americans place a high value on education.
        　　B.Americans believe it is possible, though difficult, to be successful without an advanced degree.
        　　C.Americans believe that the more the education, the higher the salary.
        　　D.A basic American value is acquiring material wealth.
        　　22.Which of the following degrees would probably be most valued by Americans?
        　　A.A master’s degree in literature.
        　　B.A master’s degree in specialized fields.
        　　C.A master’s degree in pure maths.
        　　D.A master’s degree in anthropology.
        　　23.The survey conducted by Ben suggested that people regretted most having not got more education.
        　　A.who hoped to teach
        　　B.who were not content with their own way of living
        　　C.who were proud of their social positions
        　　D.who had quit high schools too early
        　　24.When the factory worker in the third paragraph was a teenager, his father .
        　　A.wanted him to start earning a living
        　　B.wanted him to study harder
        　　C.wanted him to work with him at the Ford plant
        　　D.wanted him to stop wearing such messy clothes
        　　25. Which of the following is TRUE about Douglas Fraser?
        　　A.He was proud to have finished high school.
        　　B.He became a successful leader thanks to his education.
        　　C.He wished he hadn’t dropped out of school.
        　　D.He was a liar.

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        　　Text 2
        　　The main idea of these business-school academics is appealing. In a word where companies must adapt to new technologies and source of competition, it is much harder than it used to be to offer good employees job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder. Yet it is also more necessary than ever for employees to invest in beter skills and sparkle with bright ideas. How can firms get the most out of people if they can no longer offer them protection and promotion?
        　　Many bosses would love to have an answer. Sumantrra Ghoshal of the London Business School and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business school think they have one:“Employability.”If managers offer the right inds of training and guidance, and change their attitude towards their underlings, they will be able to reassure their employees that they will always have the skills and experience to find a good job-even if it is with a different company.
        　　Unfortunately, they promise more than they deliver. Their thoughts on what an ideal organization should accomplish are hard to quarrel with: encourage people to be creative, make sure the gains from creativity are shared with the pains of the business that can make the most of them, keep the organization from getting stale and so forth. The real disappointment comes when they attempt to show how firms might actually create such an environment. At its nub is the notion that companies can attain their elusive goals by changing their implicit contract with individual workers, and treating them as a source of value rather than a cog in a machine.
        　　The authors offer a few inspiring example of companies-they include Motorola, 3M and ABB-that have managed to go some way towards creating such organizations. But they offer little useful guidance on how to go about it, and leave the biggest questions unanswered. How do you continuously train people, without diverting them from their everyday job of making the business more profitable? How do you train people to be successful elsewhere while still encouraging them to make big commitments to your own firm? How do you get your newly liberated employees to spend their time on ideas that create value, and not simply on those they enjoy? Most of their answers are platitudinous, and when they are not they are unconvincing.
        　　26. We can infer from the passage that in the past an employee .
        　　A. had job security and opportunity of promotion
        　　B. had to compete with each other to keep his job
        　　C. had to undergo training all the time
        　　D. had no difficulty climbing the corporate ladder
        　　27What does the writer of this passage think of the ideas of Ghoshal and Bartlett?
        　　A. Very instructive. 　　　B. Very inspiring.
        　　C. Hard to implement. 　　D. Quite harsh.
        　　28In their work, Ghoshal and Bartlett discuss .
        　　A. changes in business organizations
        　　B. contracts between employers and employees
        　　C. employment situation
        　　D. management ideas
        　　29This passage seems to be a(n) .
        　　A. book review B. advertisement
        　　C. news report D. research paper
        　　30. According to Chritopher Bartlett what will improve“employability”?
        　　A. Ability to lay out one’s talents to employers.
        　　B. Skills and knowledge accumulated from school education.
        　　C. Training opportunity and guidance offered by company.
        　　D. Being creative and ready to share collective wisdom.

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        　　Text 3
        　　To understand the failings of existing farm programs, it’s important to understand the roots of the current farm crisis. At the heart of the problem is money-how much there is and how much it costs to borrow.
        　　A farmer is a debtor almost by definition. In my own state, it’s not unusual for a wheat farmer with 1,000 acres to owe several hundred thousand dollars for land and machinery. In addition to making payments on these loans, it’s common for such a farmer to borrow about $ 40,000 each spring to cover fertilizer, diesel fuel, seed, and other operating expenses. The months before the harvest will be anxious ones as the farmer contemplates all the things that could bring: financial hardship, bad weather, crop disease, insects, falling commodity prices. If he has a good year, the farmer can repay his loans and retain some profit; in a bad one, he can lose his whole farm.
        　　Money thus becomes one of the farmer’s biggest expenses. Most consumers can find some refuge from high interest rates by postponing large purchases like houses or cars. Farmers have no choice. In 1989, for example, farmers paid $12 billion in interest costs while earning $ 32 billion; last year they paid $ 22 billion in interest costs, while earning only $ 20 billion. In a business in which profit margins are small, $ 4,000 more in interest can mean the difference between profit and loss. Since 1985, 100,000 family farms have disappeared, and while interest rates have fallen recently, they still imperil the nation’s farmers.
        　　This is why the most basic part of our nation’s farm policy is its money and credit policy-which is set by Paul Voicker and the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board’s responsibility for nearly ruining our economy is well-known. What’s often overlooked is how the board’s policies have taken an especially devastating toil on farmers. While high interest rates have increased farm expenses, they’ve also undermined the export market farmers have traditionally relied on.High interest rates, by stalling our economic engines, have been a drag on the entire world’s economy. Developing and thirdworld nations have been particularly hard hit; struggling just to meet interest payments on their loans from multinational banks, they have had little cash left over to buy our farm products.
        　　Even those countries that could still afford our farm products abandoned us for other producers. Our interest rates were so high that they attracted multinational bankers, corporations, and others who speculate on currencies of different countries. These speculators were willing to pay more for dollars in terms of pesos, yen, or marks because those rates guaranteed them such a substantial return.
        　　31.This passage is intended to .
        　　A.suggest effective means to deal with money crisis
        　　B.satire the existing farm programs
        　　C.argue against the current interest rates policy
        　　D.advocate a modest attitude towards farmers
        　　32.The author believes that .
        　　A.high interest rates have an immediate effect on the farming industry
        　　B.the Federal Reserve Board’s policies will stimulate the export market
        　　C.reduction of costs is a sure way to gain longterm profitability to the farmers
        　　D.radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity
        　　33.Nowadays, developing and third world nations rarely buy American farm products mainly because .
        　　A.they rely on their domestic markets and are self-sufficient on the whole
        　　B.there are small profit margins in the business
        　　C.farm products offered by other producers are of higher quality
        　　D.they have financial difficulty
        　　34.Multinational bankers and corporations were willing to pay more for dollars in terms of pesos and other currencies in the hope of .
        　　A.gaining a large profit
        　　B.helping those poor nations
        　　C.decreasing interest rates
        　　D.overcoming financial hardships
        　　35.By“A farmer is a debtor almost by definition.”is meant that .
        　　A.a“farmer”originally means a“debtor”
        　　B.farmers have more to buy than workers or whatsoever
        　　C.farmers have no choice but to pay high interest rates
        　　D.farmers are vulnerable to natural disasters

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        　　Text 4
        　　Among the many ways in which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probably received more study and attracted more attention than any other. Politicians campaigning for public office, salespeople presenting products, and preachers delivering sermons all depend upon this form of public communication. Even people who do not make speaking a part of their daily work are often asked to make public speeches: students at graduation, for instance, or members of churches, clubs, or other organizations. Nearly everyone speaks in public at some time or other, and those who perform the task well often become leaders.
        　　There are many reasons for speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, or provide information about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers, however, most often seek to persuade an audience to adopt new opinions, to take certain actions, or to see the world in a new way.
        　　Public speakers usually know well in advance when they are scheduled to make an address. Consequently, they are able to prepare their message before they deliver it. Sometimes, though, speakers must deliver the message unprepared, or off the cuff, such as when they are asked to offer a toast at a wedding reception or to participate in a televised debate or interview.
        　　When they do not have to speak unpreparedly, most speakers write their own speeches. Politicians and business executives sometimes employ professional writers who prepare their speeches for them. These professional writers may work alone or in small teams. Although the speaker may have some input into the contents of the speech, the writers sometimes have a great influence over the opinions expressed by their employers. Regardless of how a speech is prepared, the person who delivers it is given credit for its effect upon its hearers.
        　　36.Public speaking is well known to the average people because .
        　　A. most of them have been trained as public speakers
        　　B. such activities is prevalent in the society
        　　C. most of them have to do it when they study at college
        　　D. the passage does not mention the reason
        　　37.Which of the following is rarely the purpose of public speaking?
        　　A. To influence people’s ideas and behavior.
        　　B. To enjoy the satisfaction from one’s own speech.
        　　C. To persuade the audience to accept an idea.
        　　D. To promote public interest
        　　38.In paragraph 3, the expression“deliver the message off the cuff”means .
        　　A. speak at a large reception
        　　B. speak on television
        　　C. speak according to the schedule
        　　D. speak without preparation
        　　39.Often the speech prepared by a professional writer for a boss .
        　　A. is very professional and tactful
        　　B. expresses the writer’s idea of the matter
        　　C. expresses the boss’s idea of the matter
        　　D. expresses the ideas of both
        　　40.No matter who writes a speech, the audience .
        　　A.believe it expressed the speaker’s idea
        　　B.know very well who the speaker is
        　　C.know whose idea the speech really expresses
        　　D.do not believe what the speaker says

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        　　Part B
        　　Directions:
        　　In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.
        　　Lately, your job has taken up much of your time. You’ve even started bringing work at home and you keep working until the wee hours (凌晨)of the morning. You spend Saturdays and Sundays with your head bent on your work. And you’re supposed to spend these days with your family, or friends, or for your relaxation!
        　　No longer do you work in order to live, but you now live in order to work. Work is now the center of your daily life, while the more important things have been relegated(转移,归入)to the trunk of your car; or in the backseat, if things are still not that worse.
        　　A workaholic. This is what you have become. The only time you don’t think of work is during the three or four hours a day that you spend sleeping.41)_______________________
        　　But little do you realize that by being too caught up with work, you gradually forget the reasons why you work: your family. Sure, you work to earn lots of money for them, but when was the last time you spent a full hour of quality time with your kids? Or your mom and dad? Or your friends? When was the last time you did something you used to do and enjoy before you mutated into a workaholic?
        　　Here are a few tips to help you, the workaholic, refocus and get the best out of life (and keep you healthy and alive in the long run too!):
        　　EIGHT HOURS OF SLEEP! Make it a point to get at least eight hours of sleep and plenty of rest. While food has substitutes in the form of natural medicines or artificial foods, there are no substitutes for sleep and rest. 42)____________
        　　STRICTLY FAMILY ON WEEKENDS! Resolve to make Saturdays and Sundays strictly for family time. And stick to this! Mondays until Fridays you make an excuse not to relax and spend time with your family because it’s work time, why not make a similar excuse for Saturdays and Sundays? “I can’t work today because I’m spending time with my family.”
        　　GET SOME FOOD IN! Make sure you get food in your stomach. Workaholics are known to be foodskippers. If you can’t afford to get off your desk or from doing paperwork, have food delivered to you. It’s always a good idea if you have crackers on your drawer to ease the hunger pangs.
        　　CONFINE WORK! Resolve to confine(限制,禁闭)work in your office.43)___________.Practice working only within your working hours. If you have an eighttofive working schedule, stick to it.
        　　WORK UP THOSE MUSCLES! Exercise, exercise, exercise! Set aside at least an hour each day or every other day for exercise. You body needs to be conditioned, and working nonstop isn’t going to give it the proper physical conditioning it needs. Since most workaholics tend to have their behinds stuck on their chairs, it’s even more important that you get some exercise.
        　　MAKE A PLAN! Plan your day. Work on only one or two things at a time. It’s much easier to work on something and finish it first and then move on to the next rather than do a number of things all at the same time and never finish or accomplish anything at the end of the day. Make out a list of priorities. Write down things that need to be worked on immediately or are urgent, keeping the least ones at the bottom of your list. After you’ve done this, be guided by this list. 44)_______________.
        　　WORK TO LIVE! Always keep in mind that you work so you can live and have a comfortable life. 45)_____________________.Don’t make work your life.
        　　[A]Don’t believe that you can always “catch some sleep or rest later.” Your body cannot make up for lost sleep or rest time because it is not physiologically possible.
        　　[B]Always remember that you don’t live to work. Working is just one of the many useful and fruitful activities you do that enables you to live a good life and give your family (or any of your dependents) their needs.
        　　[C]Don’t strive for success at the expense of health.
        　　[D]You’ve gotten too into working that you’ve forgotten how to enjoy life and the many things it offers.
        　　[E]You devote 16 hours of your day each day to working furiously: making money, reaching goals, working on giving your families the best, planning and mobilizing yourself for success.
        　　[F]Don’t bring work to your home! Keep those files in your office desk where they belong. If you work from home, keep your work stuff in the confines of your home office. Keep them there until the next day when you start work.
        　　[G]Turning this activity into a habit will also help you manage your time better, be more organized, and accomplish more.

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        　　Part C
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
        　　In many developing countries, software piracy has become pandemic. According to Software Publishers Association, 95% of the software in Pakistan is pirated, 89% in Brazil, 88% in Malaysia and 82% in Mexico. 46)Hundreds of tiny gizmo shops in the mazelike streets of Seoul’s Yongsan electronics market offer brandname U. S. made programs for a programer for a fraction of the list price, including Lotus 1-2-3 for $ 7.50 ( suggested retail: $ 368). New Delhi’s largest pirate outlet is a backroom operation that offers customers a catalog of nearly 400 titles and facilities for making copies for as little as $ 4 a disk ( $ 2.50 for customers who bring their own floppies).
        　　How to combat this rampant piracy? 47)The publishers’first approach was to control it through technical means-by putting codes in their programs that prevented users from copying them.
        　　This strategy worked for a while, or at least until determined pirates found ways to get around it.48)But the codes also made it difficult for legitimate users to copy programs onto their hard drives. Copy protection became so unpopular that by 1986 most publishers had abandoned it as their first line of defense. But they didn’t give up altogether. Through associations like Software Publishers Association they began picking off pirates one at a time, focusing on the biggest abusers. 49)Software Publishers Association began running spot checks and audits on major corporations, suing for damages when they found firms had bought, say, a single copy of a program and then made numerous unlicensed copies for its employees. Software Publishers Association also opened a hot line on which anybody can report the use of illegal software. The organization now gets 20 to 30 calls a day, mostly from former or disgruntled employees, and collects more than $ 3.5 million a year in fines and penalties.50)The washington based Business Software Alliance is conducting similar operations overseas, putting pressure on foreign governments to enforce the copyright laws already on the books.
        　　SectionⅢ Writing
        　　Part A
        　　51.Directions:
        　　Your friend Tom bought a cat some days ago, not knowing how to take good care of it, thus he wrote to you for your advice. Write him back with the following points:
        　　1) express your surprise that he likes cat.
        　　2) give him information concerning cat’s living habit (eating, sleeping, etc.)
        　　3)remind him that cat is always a naughty and independent animal so that he needs to be patient .
        　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Jane” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
        　　Part B
        　　52.Directions:
        　　Technology brought great convenience to our lives yet it also created multiple social problems. What do you think about technology? Please write about your opinion. Give two or three examples to illustrate your point.
        　　You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.