2013考研英语模拟题二（3）

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　　Sample Four
        　　Directions:
        　　You are going to read a list of headings and a text about AIDS. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
        　　[A] What route does HIV take after it enters the body to destroy the immune system?
        　　[B] How and when did the long-standing belief concerning AIDS and HIV crop up?
        　　[C] What is the most effective anti-HIV therapy?
        　　[D] How does HIV subvert the immune system?
        　　[E] In the absence of a vaccine, how can HIV be stopped?
        　　[F] Why does AIDS predispose infected persons to certain types of cancer and infections?
        　　In the 20 years since the first cases of AIDS were detected, scientists say they have learned more about this viral disease than any other.
        　　Yet Peter Piot, who directs the United Nations AIDS program, and Stefano Vella of Rome, president of the International AIDS Society, and other experts say reviewing unanswered questions could prove useful as a measure of progress for AIDS and other diseases.
        　　

41.

        　　Among the important broader scientific questions that remain:
        　

42.

        　　A long-standing belief is that cancer cells constantly develop and are held in check by a healthy immune system. But AIDS has challenged that belief. People with AIDS are much more prone to certain cancers like non-Hodgkins lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoms, but not to breast, colon and lung, the most common cancers in the United States. This pattern suggests that an impaired immune system, at least the type that occurs in AIDS, does not allow common cancers to develop.
        　　When HIV is transmitted sexually, the virus must cross a tissue barrier to enter the body. How that happens is still unclear. The virus might invade directly or be carried by a series of different kinds of cells.
        　

43.

        　　Eventually HIV travels through lymph vessels to lymph nodes and the rest of the lymph system. But what is not known is how the virus proceeds to destroy the body's CD-4 cells that are needed to combat invading infectious agents.
         

44.

        　　Although HIV kills the immune ceils sent to kill the virus, there is widespread variation in the rate at which HIV infected people become ill with AIDS. So scientists ask: Can the elements of the immune system responsible for that variability be identified? If so, can they be used to stop progression to AIDS in infected individuals and possibly prevent infection in the first place?
        　　In theory, early treatment should offer the best chance of preserving immune function. But the new drugs do not completely eliminate HIV from the body so the medicines, which can have dangerous side effects, will have to be taken for a lifetime and perhaps changed to combat resistance. The new policy is expected to recommend that treatment be deferred until there are signs the immune system is weakening.
        　　Is a vaccine possible?
         

45.

        　　There is little question that an effective vaccine is crucial to controlling the epidemic. Yet only one has reached the stage of full testing, and there is wide controversy over the degree of protection it will provide. HIV strains that are transmitted in various areas of the world differ genetically. It is not known whether a vaccine derived from one type of HIV will confer protection against other types.
        　　Without more incisive, focused behavioral research, prevention messages alone will not put an end to the global epidemic.

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        　　Part C
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
        　　One of the most fashionable treatments for disease, gene therapy, has so far made little headway in tackling one of the most modish of illnesses, AIDS and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes it. (46)The idea of gene-therapy treatment for HIV/AIDS would be to create a gene that, when placed in an infected person, would make all of the offspring of the cell into which it was inserted resistant to the virus. Even if the virus continued to destroy the patient's immune cells, new ones that could not be infected would replace them. Eventually, the disease would no longer threaten the health of the patient.
        　　A first step towards this has been achieved by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and VIRxSYS, a biotechnology firm based near Baltimore. (47)Rather than inserting a gene directly, they removed the immune cells from people and replaced them with versions that had been modified to resist the virus. The results were published in this week's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
        　　The team treated five infected patients who had not responded to at least two different programmes of treatment using conventional anti-retroviral drugs. They removed from each patient's blood the cells called “helper T-cells” that would normally mobilise the immune response to the virus. (48)These were purified and stuffed with a form of HIV that had been altered to carry a mirror image or “antisense” version of a molecule that enables it to multiply. This genetic fiddling disrupted the reproduction of the virus inside infected cells.
        　　Such a small experiment was designed merely to establish whether the approach was safe. But the researchers were pleasantly surprised to find that the number of viruses in each patient dropped. This suggests that the treatment was tackling the disease effectively in difficult patients for whom conventional drugs had failed. (49)According to Carl June of the University of Pennsylvania, their immune systems responded “as if they were on a vaccine” and it appeared as though their bodies were “vaccinating themselves” against HIV.
        　　The researchers are now moving to the next phase of study, which will involve more patients, including those whose disease is in its early stages. (50)If later trials confirm the early positive results, this approach could prove a useful complement to existing drugs or a future vaccine—and may even replace them.