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微软用户 12.00 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 2012考研英语考前必备模拟题1
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)
There is growing interestin East Japan Railway Co. ltd., one of the six companies, created out of theprivatized national railway system. In an industry lacking excitinggrowth__1__, its plan to use real-estate assets in and around trainstations__2__is drawing interest.
In a plan called “StationRenaissance” that it__3__in November, JR East said that it would__4__using itscommercial spaces for shops and restaurants, extending them to__5__moresuitable for the information age. It wants train stations as pick-up__6__forsuch goods as books, flowers and groceries__7__over the Internet. In a countrywhere city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting, about 16 million peoplea day go to its train stations anyway, the company __10__. So, picking upcommodities at train stations__11__consumers extra travel and missed homedeliveries. JR East already has been using its station__12__stores for thispurpose, but it plans to create__13__spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.
The company also plans tointroduce __14__cards—known in Japan as IC cards because they use integratedcircuit for__15__information__16__ train tickets and commuter passes__17__themagnetic ones used today, integrating them into a/an __18__pass. This will savethe company money, because__19__for IC cards are much less expensive than magneticsystems. Increased use of IC cards should also__20__the space needed for ticketvending.
1.[A]perspectives[B]outlooks [C]prospects [D]spectacles
2.[A]creatively[B]originally [C]authentically [D]initially
3.[A]displayed[B]demonstrated [C]embarked [D]unveiled
4.[A]go beyond [B]set out[C]come around [D]spread over
5.[A]applications[B]enterprises [C]functions [D]performances
6.[A]districts[B]vicinities [C]resorts [D]locations
7.[A]acquired [B]purchased[C]presided [D]attained
8.[A]lodgers [B]tenants[C]dwellers [D]boarders
9.[A]for [B]in [C]of [D]as
10.[A]figures [B]exhibits[C]convinces [D]speculates
11.[A]deprives [B]retrieves[C]spares [D]exempts
12.[A]conjunction[B]convenience [C]department [D]ornament
13.[A]delegated[B]designated [C]devoted [D]dedicated
14.[A]clever [B]smart[C]ingenious [D]intelligent
15.[A]checking [B]gathering[C]holding [D]accommodating
16.[A]as [B]for [C]with[D]of
17.[A]but for [B]as well as[C]instead of [D]more than
18.[A]unique [B]single[C]unitary [D]only
19.[A]devices[B]instruments [C]readers [D]examiners
20.[A]reduce [B]narrow[C]dwarf [D]shrink
Section Ⅱ ReadingComprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
“I’ve never met a humanworth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines ofhis lab at Texas A&M University. “It’s a stupid endeavor.” That’s aninteresting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions ofdollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his teamhave not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone acat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhapsnot for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of man’s bestfriend is one of the mysteries of modern science.
Westhusin’s experience withcloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In threeyears of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds ofcanine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carryingMissy’s DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastageof eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable whenyou’re dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning isincredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.
Even so, dog cloning is acommercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheepwas cloned in 1997, Westhusin’s phone at A&M College of VeterinaryMedicinehas been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy’smysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He’splopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twinto carry on Missy’s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone maynot have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy’s owners and theA&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that herclone differs from Missy.”
The fate of the dog sampleswill depend on Westhusin’s work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viablypregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown atbirth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart andweight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks,“when we’re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”
1. Which of the followingbest represents Mr. Westhusin’s attitude toward cloning?
[A] Animal cloning is astupid attempt.
[B] Human cloning is notyet close to getting it worked out.
[C] Cloning is tooinefficient and should be stopped.
[D] Animals cloning yes,and human cloning at least not now.
2. The Missyplicity projectdoes not seem very successful probably because _____.
[A] there isn’t enough fundto support the research
[B] cloning dogs is morecomplicated than cloning cats and bulls
[C] Mr. Westhusin is toobusy taking care of the business
[D] the owner is asking foran exact copy of his pet
3. When Mr. Westhusin says“... cloning is dangerous,” he implies that _____.
[A] lab technicians may beaffected by chemicals
[B] cats and dogs in thelab may die of diseases
[C] experiments may wastelots of lives
[D] cloned animals couldoutlive the natural ones
4. We can infer from thethird paragraph that _____.
[A] rich people are moreinterested in cloning humans than animals
[B] cloning of animal petsis becoming a prosperous industry
[C] there is no distinctionbetween a cloned and a natural dog
[D] Missy’s master pays alot in a hope to revive the dog
5. We may conclude from thetext that _____.
[A] human cloning will notsucceed unless the technique is more efficient
[B] scientists areoptimistic about cloning technique
[C] many people are againstthe idea of human cloning
[D] cloned animals are morefavored by owners even if they are weaker
Text 2
For more than two decades,U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities andother areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences areunconstitutional, eventhose intended to compensate for racism or intolerance.For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not ontheir race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., aseducators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines inminority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferencesin courts from Michigan to North Carolina.
Now, chief executives ofabout two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into thispolitically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action planessentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions onaffirmative action. The CEOs’ motive: “Our audience is growing more diverse, sothe communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnicallydiverse as well”, says one CEO of a compang that owns nine television stations.
Among the steps the forumis pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollmentthrough new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look atmore than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minorityoutreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challengethese tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance tocolleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be madeup for in other legitimate, legal ways,” says, a forum member.
One of the more controversialmethods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for publicuniversities—which educate three-quarters of all U.S. undergraduates—to admitstudents who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing soallows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even ifthey wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking manyuniversities use.
1. U.S. court restrictionson affirmative action signifies that______.
[A]minorities no longerhold the once favored status
[B]the quality of Americancolleges has improved
[C]racial preferences hasreplaced racial prejudice
[D]the minority is on anequal footing with the majority
2. What has been a divisiveissue across the United States?
[A]Whether affirmativeaction should continue to exist.
[B]Whether this law ishelping minorities or the white majority.
[C]Whether racism exists inAmerican college admission.
[D]Whether racialintolerance should be punished.
3. CEOs of big companiesdecided to help colleges enroll more minority students because they_____.
[A]think it wrong todeprive the minorities of their rights to receive education
[B]want to conserve thefine characteristics of American nation
[C]want a workforce thatreflects the diversity of their customers
[D]think it their duty tohelp develop education of the country
4. The major tactic theforum uses is to_____.
[A]battle the racialpreferences in court
[B]support collegesinvolved in lawsuits of racism
[C]strive to settle thispolitical debate nationwide
[D]find legally viable waysto ensure minority admissions
5. If the 10% rule isapplied, ______.
[A]the best white highschool students can get into colleges
[B]public universities canget excellent students
[C]students from poor ruralfamilies can go to colleges
[D]good minority studentscan get into public universities
Text 3
Positive surprises fromgovernment reports on retail sales, industrial production, and housing in thepast few months are leading economists to revise their real gross domesticproduct (GDP) forecasts upward supporting the notion that the recession endedin December or January.
Bear in mind: This recoverywon’t have the vitality normally associated with an upturn. Economists nowexpect real GDP growth of about 1.5 in the first quarter. That’s better thanthe 0.4 the consensus projected in December, but much of the additional growthwill come from a slower pace of inventory drawdowns, not from surging demand.
Moreover, the economy won’tgrow fast enough to help the labor markets much. The only good news there isthat jobless claims have fallen back from their spike after September 11 andthat their current level suggests the pace of layoffs is easing.
The recovery also does notmean the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates soon. The January priceindexes show that inflation remains tame. Consequently, the Fed can take itstime shifting monetary policy from extreme accommodation to relativeneutrality.
Perhaps the best news fromthe latest economic reports was the January data on industrial production.Total output fell only 0.1, its best showing since July. Factory output wasflat, also the best performance in six months. Those numbers may not soundencouraging, but manufacturers have been in recession since late 2000. The datasuggest that the factory sector is finding a bottom from which to start itsrecovery.
Production of consumergoods, for instance, is almost back up to where it was a year ago. That’sbecause consumer demand for motor vehicles and other goods and the housingindustry remained healthy during the recession, and they are still growing inearly 2002.
Besides, both the monthlyhomebuilding starts number and the housing market index for the past two monthsare running above the averages for all of 2001, suggesting that home-buildingis off to a good start and probably won’t be big drag on GDP growth this year.
Equally important to theoutlook is how the solid housing market will help demand for home-related goodsand services. Traditionally, consumers buy the bulk of their furniture,electronics, and textiles within a year of purchasing their homes. Thus,spending on such items will do well this year, even as car sales slip now thatincentives are less attractive. Look for the output of consumer goods to topyear-ago level in coming months.
Even the business equipmentsector seems to have bottomed out. Its output rose 0.4% in January, led by a0.6% jump computer gear. A pickup in orders for capital goods in the fourthquarter suggests that production will keep increasing—although at a relaxedpace—in coming months.
1. American economists aresurprised to see that______.
[A]they have to revise theGDP forecasts so often
[B]their government isannouncing the end of a recession
[C]US economy is showingsome signs of an upturn
[D]GDP growth reflectsstronger domestic demand
2. The most encouragingfact about the US economy is that_____ .
[A]employment rates haverisen faster than expected
[B]the Federal Reserve willraise interest rates soon
[C]industrial production isreaching its lowest point
[D]some economic sectorshave become leading industries
3. Of which of thefollowing did the author provide a guardedly optimistic view?
[A]GDP growth. [B]Thenumber of layoffs.
[C]Price indexes. [D]Outputof consumer goods.
4. Which of the followingis the guarantee of a better future for US economy?
[C]Business equipment.[D]Computer gear.
5. Which of the followingbest summarizes the U. S. economic situation today?
[A]American economists arepainting a gloomy picture.
[B]It is slowly warming upwith moderate growth.
[C]Recession may come backanytime in the coming months.
[D]Most sectors are pickingup at a surprisingly fast pace.
Text 4
Timothy Berners-Lee mightbe giving Bill Gates a run for the money, but he passed up his shot at fabulouswealth—intentionally—in 1990. That’s when he decided not to patent thetechnology used to create the most important software innovation in the finaldecade of the 20th century: the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee wanted to make theworld a richer place, not a mass personal wealth. So he gave his brainchild tous all.
Berners-Lee regards today’sWeb as a rebellious adolescent that can never fulfill his originalexpectations. By 2005, he hopes to begin replacing it with the Semantic Web—asmart network that will finally understand human languages and make computersvirtually as easy to work with as other humans.
As envisioned byBerners-Lee, the new Web would understand not only the meaning of words andconcepts but also the logical relationships among them. That has awesomepotential. Most knowledge is built on two pillars: semantics and mathematics.In number-crunching, computers already outclass people. Machines that areequally adroit at dealing with language and reason won’t just help peopleuncover new insights; they could blaze new trails on their own.
Even with a fairly crudeversion of this future Web, mining online repositories for nuggets of knowledgewould no longer force people to wade through screen after screen of extraneousdata. Instead, computers would dispatch intelligent agents, or softwaremessengers, to explore Web sites by the thousands and logically sift out justwhat’s relevant. That alone would provide a major boost in productivity at workand at home. But there’s far more.
Software agents could alsotake on many routine business chores, such as helping manufacturers find andnegotiate with lowest-cost parts suppliers and handling help-desk questions.The Semantic Web would also be a bottomless trove of eureka insights. Mostinventions and scientific breakthroughs, including today’s Web, spring fromnovel combinations of existing knowledge. The Semantic Web would make itpossible to evaluate more combinations overnight than a person could juggle ina lifetime. Sure scientists and other people can post ideas on the Web todayfor others to read. But with machines doing the reading and translating technicalterms, related ideas from millions of Web pages could be distilled andsummarized. That will lift the ability to assess and integrate information tonew heights. The Semantic Web, Berners-Lee predicts, will help more peoplebecome more intuitive as well as more analytical. It will fosterglobalcollaborations among people with diverse cultural perspectives, so we have abetter chance of finding the right solutions to the really big issues—like theenvironment and climate warming.
1. Had he liked, Berners-Leecould have _____.
[A]created the mostimportant innovation in the 1990s
[B]accumulated as muchpersonal wealth as Bill Gates
[C]patented the technologyof Microsoft software
[D]given his brainchild tous all
2. The Semantic Web will besuperior to today’s web in that it _____.
[A]surpasses people inprocessing numbers
[B]fulfills user’s originalexpectations
[C]deals with language andreason as well as number
[D]responds like arebellious adult
3. To search for anyinformation needed on tomorrow’s Web, one only has to _____.
[A]wade through screenafter screen of extraneous data
[B]ask the Web to dispatchsome messenger to his door
[C]use smart softwareprograms called “agents”
[D]explore Web sites by thethousands and pick out what’s relevant
4. Thanks to the Web of thefuture, _____.
[A]millions of web pagescan be translated overnight
[B]one can find mostinventions and breakthroughs online
[C]software manufacturers canlower the cost of computer parts
[D]scientists usingdifferent specialty terms can collaborate much better
5. The most appropriatetitle for this text is.
[A]Differences between TwoWebs
[B]The Humanization ofComputer Software
[C]A New Solution to WorldProblems
[D]The Creator and His NextCreation
Part B
Directions:
In the following article,some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitableone from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are twoextra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)
The making of weathervanes(devices fixed on the top of buildings to show directions of the wind) is anancient skill, going back to early Egyptian times. Today the craft is stillvery much alive in the workshop that Graham Smith has set up. He is one of thefew people in the country who make hand-cut weathervanes. Graham’s designs areindividually created and tailored to the specific requirements of hiscustomers. “That way I can produce a unique personalized item,” he explains, “Alot of my customers are women buying presents for their husbands. They want adistinctive gift that represents the man’s business or leisure interests.”
It’s all a far cry from thetraditional cock, the most common design for weathervanes.
It was not a cock but awitch on a broomstick that featured on the first weathervane Graham ever made.Friends admired his surprise present for his wife and began asking him to makevanes for them. “I realized that when it came to subjects that could be madeinto them, the possibilities were limitless,” he says.
(41)_____________.
That was five years ago andhe has no regrets about his new direction. “My previous work didn’t have anartistic element to it, whereas this is exciting and creative,” he says. “Ireally enjoy the design side.”
(42) _____________.
Graham also keeps plenty oftraditional designs in stock, since they prove as popular as the one-offs. “Itseems that people are attracted to handcrafting,” Graham says. “They welcomethe opportunity to acquire something a little bit different.”
(43) _____________.
“I have found my place inthe market. People love the individuality and I get a lot of satisfaction from seeinga nondescript shape turn into something almost lifelike,” he says.
(44) _____________.
“And nowadays, with moreand more people moving to the country, individuals want to put an exclusivefinishing touch to their properties. It has been a boost to crafts like mines,”
(45) _____________.
American and Danish buyersin particular are showing interest. “Pricing,” he explains, “depends on theintricacy of the design.”His most recent request was for a curly-coated dog.Whatever the occasion, Graham can create a gift with a difference.
[A]Graham has becomeincreasingly busy, supplying flat-packed weathervanes to clients worldwide.
[B]Graham decided toconcentrate his efforts on a weathervane business. He had served anapprenticeship as a precision engineer and had worked in that trade for 15years when he and his wife, Liz, agreed to swap roles—she went out to work asan architectural assistant and he stayed at home to look after the children andbuild up the business.
[C]Last month, a localschool was opened with his galleon ship weathervane hoisted above it.
[D]“For centuries,weathervanes have kept communities in touch with the elements, signaling thoseshifts in wind direction that bring about changes in the weather,” he explains.
[E]Graham has no plans forexpansion, as he wants to keep the business as a rural craft.
[F]Graham has now perfectedover 100 original designs. He works to very fine detail, always seekingapproval for the design of the silhouette from the customer before proceedingwith the hand-cutting.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following textcarefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The value which societyplaces on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value ofindividualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development ofsocial security. (46) It has meant that in the first place the amount ofbenefits must be small lest people’s willingness to work and support themselvessuffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the totalamount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person’s wages for fearof malingering. “The purpose of social security,” said Huntford referring toSweden’s comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossingthe threshold of prosperity.” Second, social security benefits are grantedunder conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest ofspirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rulessurrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for thispurpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive wayas in the case of disability. (47) People suffering from accidents incurred atwork or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the socialsecurity service compared with those suffering from civil accidents andordinary illnesses.
Yet, the stranglehold whichwork has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened overthe years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, theslight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of thistrend. (48) Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupationaldisability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned withthe demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. Itis felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction betweenoccupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for manynon-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they donot occur directly in the workplace. (49) There is also the additional reasonwhich we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families,that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needsirrespective of the cause behind such needs.
The relationship between socialsecurity and work is not all a one-way affair. (50) It is true that until veryrecently the general view was that social security “represented a type ofluxury and was essentially anti-economic.” It was seen as merely governmentexpenditure for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments andearnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success byemployers and the government to reduce workers’ opposition towards loss oftheir jobs.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You have received aninvitation to the birthday party of your friend, Tom. But you can’t attend it.Write a note to Tom to
1) thank him for theinvitation,
2) give reasons why youcan’t go, and
3) apologize and expressyour wishes.
You should write about 100words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming”instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
一、审题与谋篇
本题要求写一封道歉信。写道歉信一般是因为写信人不能完成所要求或许诺的事情，或不能按时或很好地完成某件事情。道歉一般和解释同时存在，解释是出于礼貌、希望消除可能的误解。道歉要真诚，解释要充分并且切题，写信的语气要温和而富于策略。
指导语中给出的情景是接到朋友生日会的邀请但不能参加，信的内容包括：(1)表示感谢;(2)说明你不能参加生日会的理由;(3)道歉并表达祝愿。
二、参考范文
Dear Tom,
Thank you very much forinviting me to your birthday party tomorrow and I have been longing for givingmy sincere wishes to you on that special day. However, I am terribly sorry thatI cannot be there because of a matter of some urgency. This afternoon I got acall from my parents telling me that my sister had been hospitalized. Both ofmy parents are busy at work, so I have to go home in a hurry to take care ofher. I am sure you can understand this. I would like to say sorry again andwish you a happy birthday as well as a successful party.
Yours
Li Ming
52. Directions:
Look at the flowing pictureand write an article on advertisement. Your article should cover the pointsbelow:
1) The omnipresence (无所不在，普遍)of advertisements
2) Their advantages
3) Their disadvantages
You should write 160-200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points) |
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发表于 2016-7-14 16:03:03