近10年考研英语阅读真题精选背诵文章目录:2012年

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近10年考研英语阅读真题精选背诵文章目录
　　Text 1
　　Come on -Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.
　　Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
　　The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
　　But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
　　There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
　　Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
　　21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
　　[A] a supplement to the social cure
　　[B] a stimulus to group dynamics
　　[C] an obstacle to school progress
　　[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors
　　22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
　　[A] recruit professional advertisers
　　[B] learn from advertisers’ experience
　　[C] stay away from commercial advertisers
　　[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements
　　23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to
　　[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
　　[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
　　[C] illustrate the functions of state funding
　　[D]produce a long-lasting social effect
　　24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors
　　[A] is harmful to our networks of friends
　　[B] will mislead behavioral studies
　　[C] occurs without our realizing it
　　[D] can produce negative health habits
　　25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
　　[A] harmful
　　[B] desirable
　　[C] profound
　　[D] questionable
　　答案：
　　21、D 22、B 23、A 24、C 25、D

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　　Text 3
　　In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
　　Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
　　Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
　　Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
　　In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
　　31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
　　[A] uncertainty and complexity.
　　[B] misconception and deceptiveness.
　　[C] logicality and objectivity.
　　[D] systematicness and regularity.
　　32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
　　[A] strict inspection.
　　[B]shared efforts.
　　[C] individual wisdom.
　　[D]persistent innovation.
　　33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
　　[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
　　[B]has been examined by the scientific community.
　　[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
　　[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
　　34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that
　　[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.
　　[B]discoveries today inspire future research.
　　[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.
　　[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.
　　35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
　　[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
　　[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
　　[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
　　[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
　　答案：
　　31、A 32、B 33、B 34、D 35、C