|
发表于 2018-12-8 16:12:58
|
显示全部楼层
Part B
Directions:
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For
Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into
each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any
of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed
by British naturalistCharles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher
Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.
Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed
over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of
cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the
founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all
aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of
societies.42._____________.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist
Franz Boasdeveloped a new theory of culture known as historical particularism.
Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave
new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result
of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader
evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture
in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of
Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the
particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed
virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few,
especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other
cultures. 45.________________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a
theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed
that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in
the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as
functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British,
anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as
inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory
was known as diffusionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas
became skilled inlinguistics, the study of languages, and in physical
anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he
called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must
eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a
people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify
children’s entrance into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of
families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms
of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as
societies evolved.
[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that
work together to keep a society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J.
Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that
farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and
diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments
occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined
segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER
SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets
from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the
former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is
not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of
the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving
experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious
associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling
powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify
appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part,
because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of
the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered
as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our
industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the
intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under
which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with
physical output.
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an
immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our
contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so
easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the
pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to
leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with
them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering
whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If
humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every
institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this
lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.
50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process
which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that
of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very
little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling
needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps
the adults loyal to their group.
转眼间霜降已过,一阵阵北风让树叶纷纷凋落,2019的考生即将迎来考验的大时刻,这个阶段更要稳住步伐不慌不乱,跨小考期待与你考后在跨考教育导师库相见,那时再为已经通过初试,准备复试的你助力!
据相关调查统计显示,以就业为导向,想要提高自身就业筹码而选择考研的考生占整体的近70%,准备开启2020考研征程的你,是为了什么而一往无前呢?为了给自己一个选择的机会,也为了更了解将来就业企业的择人标准,你需要趁这个寒假为考研开启预热模式——跨考寒假预科班,15天集训,直接定校定专业,让你全年的复习不再左摇右摆浪费时间!
小编整理了历年考研真题及答案解析,关注微信公众号:跨考考研,回复“真题”即可获得,说不定还能找到一起上自习的研友哦!
2019秋季整合提升方案 | 2019考研公共课秋季整合 | 2019最新考研政治大纲 | 公共课考研大纲变动汇总 | 2019年考研政治《思修法基》练习试题及答案汇总 | 【跨考名师精品】2019考研必读:复习方法及真题热点解读 | 2020考研择校则专业必知 | 就业率高的十大考研专业推荐 | 34所自主划线高校历年复试分数线(2012-2018) | 这些相似的考研专业都有什么区别? | 跨专业考研难度较大的六大专业 |
|
|