2019考研MTI语言学·第一部分·语言与语言学(二)

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    2)The Design Features of Language
    Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that
tell the difference between human language and any system of animal
communication. They are:
    2)语言的区别性特征
    语言的区别性特征是指人类语言区别于任何其他动物交流系统的特点。主要包括：
    ① Arbitrariness: This is a core feature of language, which means that there
is no logical connection between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. This
feature was first discussed by Saussure. There are different levels of
arbitrariness: arbitrary relationship between the sound of morpheme and its
meaning; arbitrariness at the syntactic level; arbitrariness and convention.
    ①任意性：这是语言的核心特征，指语素的音和意之间没有逻辑关系。索绪尔是先讨论了这个特征。任意性存在于不同的层面：语素的声音和意义之间的任意性;句子层面的任意性;任意性和规约性。
    ② Duality: It means the property of having two levels of structures, such
that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level
and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. At the lower
or basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by
themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large
number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.
Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an
infinite number of sentences. To talk about duality we must notice that language
is hierarchical.
    ②双重性：双重性指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。底层结构由一些本身没有意义的语音组成，但是它们可以各自组合成有意义的单位，从而形成具有独特、确定意义的上层单位。上层单位能够被组合或重新组合成无限数量的句子。收到双重性，我们必须注意语言的等级性。
    ③ Creativity: By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its
duality and its recursiveness. Because of duality the speaker is able to combine
the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which
are never produced or heard before. Language is creative in another sense, that
is, its potential to create endless sentences. The recursive nature of language
provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.
    ③创造性：创造性是指语言具有能产性, 因为语言有双重性和递归性。因为双重性, 说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子, 其中,
很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。从另一种意义上说, 语言是创造性的, 是指它具有构成无穷的句子的潜力, 而它的递归性又为这种可能提供了理论基础。
    ④ Displacement: By displacement it means that human languages enable their
users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present ( in time
and space) at the moment of communication. Displacement benefits human beings by
giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions. In a word, the
intellectual benefits of displacement to us is that it makes it possible for us
to talk and think in abstract terms.
    ④移位性：指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话当时当地并不存在的物体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们概括和抽象的能力, 从而造福人类。总之,
移位性给予我们心智的好处在于它使我们有可能在抽象的层面上说话和思考。
    ⑤ Cultural transmission: Language is not biologically transmitted. Instead,
it is culturally transmitted from generation to generation through teaching and
learning.
    ⑤文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传, 而是通过教与学, 由人们接触的文化代代相传的。
    ⑥ Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be
both a producer and a receiver of messages.
    ⑥互换性： 互换性指任何人既可以是信息的发出者, 也可以是信息的接受。