虚拟语气在if引导的条件状语从句中的用法有三点
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从句(条件)
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主句(目的)
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表示与现在事实相反的虚拟条件状语从句
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If+主语+动词的过去式(如果是be动词的话要用were。)
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主语+would/ should/ could/ might+动词原形
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If there were no subjunctive mood, English would be easier.如果没有虚拟语气,英语会容易些。(事实:有虚拟语气)
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表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件状语从句
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If+主语+had+动词的过去分词
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主语+would/ should/ could/ might+ have+动词的过去分词
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If I had worked hard at school, I would be a doctor or a lawyer.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个医生或律师了。(事实:没有成为医生或律师)
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表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件状语从句
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If+主语+should(were to)+动词原形/动词的过去式
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主语+would/ should/ could/ might+动词原形
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If she were to beg my pardon, I would forgive her about the matter.如果她来乞求我原谅的话,我就会原谅她。(事实:乞求我原谅的可能性很小,不可能)
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混合条件句——主从句时间不一致的情况下的虚拟语气
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有时条件状语从句中的谓语动词与主句中的谓语动词,发生的时间不一致,这时各谓语动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。
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If it had rained last night, it would be very cold today.如果昨天晚上下雨了,今天就会非常冷。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。)
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含蓄条件句
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有时虚拟条件句并没用if从句表示出来,而是用介词短语(otherwise,or,without,but for)、上下文或其他方式来表示。
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We didn’t know where he was;otherwise we would have found him.我们不知道他在哪,否则我们就会找到他了。
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If引导的条件状语从句中省略引导词并采用部分倒装语序的情况
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在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,当虚拟条件状语从句中的谓语动词含had,should,were等词的时候,if可以省略,并将had,should,were等助动词、情态动词或be动词提到从句主语之前。
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If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.→Were I you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.如果我是你,我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。
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as if/ as though引导的方式状语从句中的两种可能
(这两个引导词经常用在be,act,appear,behave,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste及其他描写行为举止的动词之后,引导一个方式状语从句。)
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①as if/ as though从句用陈述语气
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This meat tastes as if/ as though it has already gone bad.(肉的确是坏了)这肉吃起来似乎已经坏了。
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②as if/ as though从句用虚拟语气
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a.从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时。
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The teacher treats the pupil as if/ as though he were her own child.(对现在的虚拟)这位老师对待这位学生就像对自己的孩子一样。
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b.从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用“had+过去分词”。
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He looks as if/ as though he had been hit by lighting.(对过去的虚拟)他看起来像曾经被雷击过似的。
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c.从句表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用“would/ could/ might+动词原形”。
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They talked and talked as if/ as though they would never meet again.(对将来的虚拟)他们说啊说,好像再也见不到了。
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【注意】as if或as though引导的方式状语从句,从句主语和主句主语相同时,从句中可省略主语和部分谓语。
She stood at the gate as if/ as though(she was)waiting for someone.她站在门口好像在等什么人。
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虚拟语气用在lest,for fear that,so that及in order that引导的目的状语从句中表示“以防,以免”等意思。
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谓语动词多用should/ could/ might+动词原形构成。
注意:should有时可以省略。
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He hid it lestshe(should)see it.他把它藏起来以免她看见。
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由“providing(that)/ provided(that)/ suppose(that)/supposing(that)/ on condition that”引导的条件从句
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根据情况:①可以用虚拟语气;②也可以用陈述语气。
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I said I would tell him a confidential story on condition that he kept it secret.我说在他保密的条件下,将告诉他一个秘密的故事。
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“in case”引导的从句中既可用陈述句,也可以用虚拟语气。
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(should)+动词原形
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It may rain you’d better take an umbrella(just)in case(it does).可能下雨——你最好带把伞,以防万一(下起来)。
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