2015年考研必备：历年英语翻译真题及解析

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　　2014年考研英语翻译真题及解析
    　　Part C
    　　Directions:
    　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)
    　　Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
    　　Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.
    　　This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
    　　Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
    　　Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.
    　　答案
    　　46. 这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。
    　　【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself。our reactions之后to it为其定语，it指代music。定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。
    　　【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。
    　　②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中with words做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语to it在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。and之后，grasp依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”
    　　47. 人们普遍认为，他(贝多芬)是个思想自由、充满勇气的人，我发现勇气这一品质，是理解他作品的关键，更不必说是演出其作品的关键。
    　　【句型分析】本句为并列句。第一个分句he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one，句首by all accounts为固定搭配，意思是“根据各方面说”。第二个分句的主干为I find courage an essential quality，其中宾语为courage，而an essential quality是宾语补足语。quality后介词短语for the understanding of his work为其定语，其中还包含一个插入结构let alone the performance。
    　　【翻译要点】① 第一个分句结构比较简单，句首固定搭配by all accounts，可以调整表达，翻译为“据大家所说”。主干顺译即可，其中he指代“贝多芬”，one指代person。这一部分可以翻译为“贝多芬是个思想自由、充满勇气的人”。
    　　②第二个分句，主干为“我发现勇气是一个关键品质”，quality后为其定语for the understanding of his work，其中the understanding of his work意思为“对于其作品的理解”，把词性转化后，可以表达为“理解其作品”，这个介词短语需要调整语序前置于quality，可以翻译为“理解他作品的关键品质”，则第二个分句可以表达为“我发现勇气，是理解他作品的关键品质”。还可以调整表达为“我发现勇气这一品质，是理解他作品的关键”。
    　　③在定语for the understanding of his work中的插入成分，在逻辑上let alone并列the understanding和the performance，二者共用定语of his works，顺译句末即可：更不必说是演出其作品的关键品质。
    　　48. 贝多芬习惯最大限度来逐渐增高音量，然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段，在他之前，作曲家很少使用这种方式。
    　　【句型分析】本句主干为Beethoven’s habit was used by composers before him。本句的谓语为被动语态，主语habit后介词短语of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage为其定语，是由介词of与and并列的两个动名词短语increasing the volume with an extreme intensity 和then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage构成。
    　　【翻译要点】①本句主干较为简单，但是主语habit后有很长的后置定语：Habit of increasing the volume…，其中“habit”可以词性转换为动词“习惯”，而中文常常先表达次要信息，则这一部分可以翻译一句话“贝多芬习惯增加…”，置于句首。第一个动名词短语中，with an extreme intensity为状语，表达时需调整语序到其修饰的increasing the volume前，根据语境，volume意思为“音量”，则increasing可以翻译为“增高”。这一部分可以翻译为“最大限度来逐渐增高音量”。第二个动名词短语then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage，状语with a sudden soft passage需调整到following it前表达，其中passage根据语境，意思为“乐段”。则这一部分可以表达为“然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。整合本句主语与其定语，可以翻译为“贝多芬习惯最大限度来逐渐增高音量，然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。
    　　②本句主干意思为“在他之前，作曲家很少使用贝多芬的习惯”。中文语义重心在后，将本部分翻译在句末即可。由于前句译文已经提到这种习惯，则这部分可以表达为“在他之前，作曲家很少使用这种习惯”，结合语境还可以表达为“在他之前，作曲家很少使用这种方式”，或者“在他之前，只有极个别作曲家会使用这种方式”。
    　　49. 尤为重要的是贝多芬对于自由的看法，他认为，这种自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的：他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。
    　　【句型分析】本句为完全倒装，主句的主干是his view of freedom was Especially significant。
    　　his view of freedom后为which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰freedom，关系代词which在定语从句中作主语。of the individual修饰the rights and responsibilities，冒号后进行解释说明。
    　　【翻译要点】
    　　① 本句主干为完全倒装，但是在翻译时，顺译即可，其中his指代“贝多芬的”，主干可以表达为：尤为重要的是，他(贝多芬)对于自由的看法….。
    　　② which引导定语从句，修饰freedom，表达时翻译成另一句话“对于他而言，这种自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的”，其中for him还可以调整表达为“他认为”。
    　　③冒号后进行解释，可以翻译为：他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。
    　　50.我们可以这样解释贝多芬的大部分作品：苦难是不可避免的，但是与痛苦抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。
    　　【句型分析】本句主句主干为One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven，之后by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living为状语，修饰interpret。其中that引导宾语从句suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living，为saying的宾语，宾语从句中it指代suffering。
    　　【翻译要点】①本句主语one，可以翻译为“人们”或者“我们”。主干可以翻译为“我们可以解释贝多芬的大部分作品”。
    　　②主干之后的状语，可以翻译为“通过说痛苦是无法避免的，但是与之相抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。”
    　　③整合主干，可以表达为“我们可以这样解释贝多芬的大部分作品：苦难是不可避免的，但是与痛苦抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。”

kythree

    　　2013年考研英语翻译真题及解析
    　　Part C
    　　Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
    　　It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; 46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
    　　One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. 47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. 48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
    　　Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal lift, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. 50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.
    　　Part C Translation
    　　46.【译文总结】然而，人们在观看那些无家可归者所创建的花园的照片时，会感到深深的震撼。虽然这些花园风格迥异，却在装饰和创造性表达之外透露出了其他多种基本的人类诉求。
    　　47. 【译文总结】无论地方多么简陋，寻求一片静谧的圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的则仅仅是避难栖息之所。
    　　48.【译文总结】无家可归者的花园实际上是无家可归的，却给城市带来一种以前没有的或者并非如此明显的环境形式。
    　　49.【译文总结】我们大多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身在一座花园之中，烦闷如变魔术般消除殆尽。
    　　50.【译文总结】即使“花园”一词的使用在某种意义上有些随性，但正是这种对自然的或含蓄或明确的表达，证明了用其来描述这些人造建筑是完全合乎情理的。
    　　参考译文
    　　据推测,花园的产生源于建造者个人的一种基本需求: 创造性表现的需要。毫无疑问,花园表达了一种创造、表现、使用和美化非现实的欲望，而自我表现则是人类的一种基本欲望。46 然而，人们在观看那些无家可归者所创建的花园的照片时，会感到深深的震撼。虽然这些花园风格迥异，却在装饰和创造性之外透露出了其他多种基本的人类诉求。
    　　其诉求之一与动荡中谋求平静的欲望密切相关，借用T.S.Eliot的话就是“纷繁世界中的一片静土”。 47 无论地方多么简陋，寻求一片静谧的圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的则仅仅是避难栖息之所。这种区别示如此的明显，以至于在栖息之所缺乏的地方，静土变得更为迫切需要。平静的心态是可以通过构建个人与其所处环境的关系而实现的。48 无家可归者的花园实际上是无家可归的，却给城市带来一种以前没有的或者并非如此明显的环境形式。这样，他们给不会言语的环境带来部分宁静，并在其中表明了自己的立场。
    　　这些花园所表达或源起的另一种诉求或需要是其所固有的，但我们却几乎从未意识到其对我们的持久要求。当我们失去绿色、植物和树木时, 49 我们大多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身在一座花园之中，烦闷如变魔术般消除殆尽。在纽约市许多无家可归者的花园中，真正的植物栽培是不可行的,但是即便如此，表达尝试材料运用、颜色组合、小水池、花瓣、树叶以及动物标本的作品随处可见。从某种基本层面上而言，这里展出的各种奇幻元素看来都来自自然界。50 即使“花园”一词的使用在某种意义上有些随性，但正是这种对自然的或含蓄或明确的表达，证明了用其来描述这些人造建筑是完全合乎情理的。从中，我们可以看到以离奇的具象派形式呈现出的生物自卫本能 —— 一种与非人类进行联系的渴望。

kyfive

    　　2012年考研英语翻译真题及解析
    　　Part C
    　　Directions:
    　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10 points)
    　　Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.
    　　(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.
    　　This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
    　　That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
    　　The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
    　　(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
    　　Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
    　　Part C
    　　46. 在物理学领域，有一种研究方法将这种寻找普遍原则的冲动发挥到极致，它寻求一种万物理论，即用一个生成公式解释我们看到的一切事物。
    　　47. 在此，达尔文主义似乎提供了一种合理解释，因为如果人类拥有共同起源，那么似乎我们就有理由认为文化多样性同样可以追溯到更为单一的源头。
    　　48. 如果将特殊性从共性中剔除，我们也许能够理解复杂的文化行为的起源，以及其产生的进化和认知因素。
    　　49. 做出又一尝试是的乔舒亚•格林伯格，他对普遍性进行了更为实证性的研究，识别出众多语言的共有特征(尤其是语序上的特征)，而人们认为这些特征代表了因受认知所限而产生的偏见。
    　　50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于语系或语系间交织的路径，而格林伯格的普遍性理论则预测了特定语序关系间存在紧密的共存关系。

kyfour

    　　2011年考研英语翻译真题及解析
    　　Part C
    　　Directions:
    　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
    　　With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.
    　　(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”
    　　Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
    　　Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
    　　This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
    　　The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.
    　　Part C Translation
    　　46.Allen‟s contribution was to take an assumption we all share---that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts---and reveal its erroneous nature。
        【考查分析】本题考点：同位语从句， 定语从句
    　　【答案解析】本句的主干是Allen‟s contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。破折号后面的that引导同位语从句，对前面的assumption解释说明。We all share是定语从句，修饰assumption。
    　　【参考译文】我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想;爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。
    　　47.While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”
    　　【考查分析】本题考点：状语从句
    　　【答案解析】本句结构特别清晰，主干是While we may be able to sustain …. ,we are faced with a question…。while引导让步状语从句，后面“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”是question 的具体内容。本句采用顺译法。
    　　【参考译文】我们或许只通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是面临一个问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢?
    　　48.This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom。 【考查分析】本题考点： 省略、介词短语、复杂表语
    　　【答案解析】本句的主体结构为：This seems a justification and a rationalization。 本句的难点在于运用很多介词短语作后置定语，介词短语套介词短语，使得宾语非常复杂。“for neglect of those in need”修饰“justification”、“of exploration”、“of the superiority”“of the inferiority” 修饰rationalization。而“of those at the top”和“of those at the bottom”又分别修饰superiority和inferiority。
    　　【参考译文】这种说法似乎为忽视需要帮助的人找到了借口，使剥削合理化，令上层人优越，底层人卑微。
    　　49.circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation。 【考查分析】本题考点：并列从句，定语从句。
    　　【答案解析】本句主体结构是：circumstances seem to be designed to…., and if we feel that… then we are unlikely to… “环境好像是为…,而设计，如果我们感受到…,我们就不可能…”; “bring out” 是产生、使…显示出来;“wronged” 是“被冤枉，被委屈”的意思，“be (un)likely to do” (不) 可能做某事;
    　　【参考译文】环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能，如果我们总感觉“上天不公”，那么不太可能会自觉地努力脱离现状。
    　　50.The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.
    　　【考查分析】本题考点：主系表结构、分词短语的用法、连词where引导的状语从句。
    　　【答案解析】本句主体结构为The upside is the possibilities，译为“正面意义在于可能性”。Contained in knowing that everything is up to us，是过去分词结构作后置定语。分号后面是一个有连词where引导的状语从句。Where 在这里是“在某种情况下(in what situation, to what point)的意思。
    　　【参考译文】积极的一面是，既然万事都取决于我们，那么就有无限可能。以前，我们能够熟练应对种种局限;现在，我们把握着未来的可能。

kytwo

    　　2010年考研英语翻译真题及解析
    　　Part C
    　　Directions:
    　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
    　　One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
    　　When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
    　　It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
    　　A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
    　　Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
    　　To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
    　　Part C Translation
    　　46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。
    　　47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。
    　　48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。
    　　49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。
    　　50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。

kyfive

    　　2009年考研英语翻译真题及解析
    　　Part C
    　　Directions:
    　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
    　　There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.
    　　But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.
    　　(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.
    　　Part C (10 points)
    　　46. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。
    　　47. 人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这—副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢。
    　　48. 虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。
    　　49. 由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不禁要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。
    　　50. 这就使我们得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接讲授或学校教育。
    　　2014年各月考研时事政治热点汇总
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