2019考研英语：语法知识点之指物的关系代词which和that

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　　指物的关系代词which和that的用法：
        　　1. 作主语
        　　This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the
computer.
        　　这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。
        　　2. 作宾语包括作介词宾馆。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略：
        　　The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.
        　　你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修理。
        　　The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in
WWII.
        　　我昨天晚上看的那部电影是关于一个在二战中打过仗的士兵的。
        　　(本句有两个定语从句。)
        　　This is the bike for which I paid $ 100.
        　　这就是我花了100美元买的那辆自行车。
        　　The car (which/that) he went in was a black Cadillac.
        　　他坐在里面走了的那辆汽车是一辆黑色的卡迪拉克。
        　　The accounts of the company, (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention
to, are in balance.
        　　我一直非常注意的公司账目，是保持平衡的。
        　　3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物，作定语。of which 可用whose 代替;
        　　The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all
broken was my father’s.
        　　那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。
        　　例：His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose windows) were
all broken was a depressing sight.
        　　他那所有窗户都坏了的房子真是目不忍睹。
        　　That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was
broken.
        　　这就是那本封皮破了的书。
        　　4.关系代词的格应与它在从句中充当的成分一致。特别要注意插入语，
        　　如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the
contract. Peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入语)
        　　At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most
suitable.
        　　在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。

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        　　5.关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致：
        　　例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English
。
        　　这就是用英文写成的使用说明。
        　　Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which
/that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets?
        　　你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色房子里吗?
        　　So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the
reception.
        　　就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。
        　　6.非限定性定语从句不用that，只用who(whose, whom)和which代表人和物;
        　　例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week。
        　　她的兄弟们——两个人都在美国工作——每个星期都给她打电话。
        　　The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry
crowd，
        　　那些公共汽车——大多已经坐满了人——被一群愤怒的人围着。
        　　That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty
for five years.
        　　那个塔楼空着已经5年了。建它花了500万美元。
        　　Cricket, which I know very little about, is a very popular sport in
England。
        　　板球是英格兰非常流行的体育活动，我对它知之甚少。
        　　The accounts of the company ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are
in balance.
        　　公司的账目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意这些账目。
        　　7.关系副词(=介词+关系代词)：
       

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        　　例：I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met.
        　　我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
        　　The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed.
        　　雨下得不是时候。
        　　This is the computer where (=by/on which) he has stolen top-secret
documents.
        　　这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。
        　　Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place.
        　　这就是谋杀发生的地方。
        　　He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired.
        　　他没给任何解雇我的理由
        　　This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live.
        　　这就是我父母以前住过的房子。

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        　　注意事项：
        　　(1)在非正式场合， that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”，而且经常全部省略，
        　　如：In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage
        　　在我读大学的那些年里
        　　the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy
        　　他不高兴的理由
        　　The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be
changed.
        　　天体运行的方向是不可改变的。
        　　He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in
which) he talks.
        　　他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。
        　　(2)是用关系代词还是用关系副词：
        　　关系词(包括关系代词和关系副词)是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词，一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分;二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因;三要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词，这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。
        　　如：This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year.
        　　这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。(充当地点状语)
        　　This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in.
        　　这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。(充当介词宾语，可省略。)
        　　This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New
Year.
        　　这是那个将要被用来庆贺新年的房间。(充当主语)
        　　This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party.
        　　这是我们将要用来举行新年晚宴的房间。(充当宾语，可省略。)
        　　The reason (that /which) he had given was not sound enough.
        　　他给的理由不够充分。(充当宾语，可省略)
        　　The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound enough.
        　　他做那件事的理由不够充分。(充当原因状语)
        　　This is the house where she lives.这是她住的房子。
        　　【比较：This is the house (that/which) she has bought. 这是她买的房子。This is the
house that/which I’ve told you is extremely expensive.这就是我和你说过极其昂贵的那幢房子。】
        　　I met him in the year when I was first in Xi’an.
        　　我刚到西安的那年遇到了他。
        　　That is the reason why he did not come that morning.
        　　那就是那天上午他没来的原因。
        　　(3)定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时，从句的动作与主句的同时发生，那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
        　　例：Anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock.
        　　任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。(不用will touch)
        　　I would give her anything that she asked for.
        　　她要什么我就给她什么。(不用would ask)
        　　The first person who/that opens the door will get a shock.
        　　第一个开门的人将被吓一跳。(不用will open)
        　　There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two
weeks.
        　　任何人在下两周内定做套装都将享受优惠价格。(不用will order)
        　　但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，
        　　如：Those who will go abroad for training next year will start learning
English tomorrow.
        　　那些明年出国受训的人员，将从明天开始学习外语。

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        　　注：①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时，常用that，而不用which：
        　　例：Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.
        　　爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。
        　　This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.
        　　这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。
        　　She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived.
        　　她是曾经有过的最伟大的女人。
        　　②先行词有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much,
little, none, any, every等时，常用that, 而不用which：
        　　例：He was the first man that we saw in the village.
        　　他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。
        　　There is little that is interesting.
        　　没什么令人感兴趣。
        　　I still remember the first time that we met.
        　　我仍然记得我们第一次见面的时候。
        　　I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you.
        　　我将尽一切可能帮助你。
        　　Everything that can be done has been done.
        　　能做的一切都做了。
        　　God bless this ship and all who sail in her.
        　　愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。
        　　All that I can say is thank you very much.
        　　我能说的是(千言万语变成一句话)：非常感谢你。
        　　③当先行词既有人又有物时，用that，不用which，
        　　如：We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that
we had visited.
        　　我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件留下了深刻印象。
        　　We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。
        　　我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。
        　　④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导，
        　　如：Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us.
        　　让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。
        　　I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
        　　我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。
        　　I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do.
        　　如果他做这件事的方法和我一样，那就奇怪了。
        　　She works in the same office as I do.
        　　她和我在同一个办公室工作。
        　　She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does.
        　　她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。
        　　He’s wearing the same dress as he wore at Mary’s wedding.
        　　他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
        　　This is the same watch as I have lost.
        　　这块表和我丢的那块一样。
        　　I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are.
        　　我从来没见过像他们这样的人。
        　　I’ve never seen such kind people as they are.
        　　我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。
        　　I want the same shirt as my friend’s.
        　　我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
        　　Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china.
        　　我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
        　　但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，

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        　　as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接下列句型。如：as is known,
as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。
        　　例如：As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.
        　　As is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.
        　　He is tired, as you can see.
        　　As I expected, he didn’t believe me.
        　　As 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别：当主句和从句语义一致时，用as;反之，用which。
        　　如：He made a long speech, as was expected.
        　　He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
        　　Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
        　　但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，
        　　注：⑤在“介词+关系代词”的结构中，也可用复杂介词，如：by means of (用，依靠)，as a result of (作为结果)等：
        　　例：I have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of whom graduated
from the same university .
        　　我有三个孩子：一个女儿、两个儿子，他们都毕业于同一所大学。
        　　The police, in whom I have great confidence, are trying to find out who did
it.
        　　我对警察有极大的信心，他们正在努力寻找是谁做的这件事。
        　　This is the part of the river in which I like to swim.
        　　(in which=where)
        　　我喜欢在这条河里面游泳，这就是(我喜欢游的)那个地方。
        　　The man from whom you bought the house is my uncle.
        　　你从他那里买下房子的那个人是我叔叔。
        　　This is the desk by means of which he jumped over the wall.
        　　这就是他用来跳过墙去的那张桌子。
        　　She was running a fever, as a result of which she failed in the exam.
        　　她当时正发烧，所以考试失败了。
        　　He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen.
        　　他就是那个家里的画被偷了的人。
        　　注：⑥一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句，这种现象叫双重关系从句：
        　　例：Here are some words which are often used but which are very
confusing.
        　　这里有些常用但非常混乱的词。
        　　He is the only person that I can find who is able to solve the problem.
        　　他是我能找到的唯一解决这个问题的人。