2015年GCT英语精彩语法复习:句法结构2

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定语从句
    1、定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词：
    关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as
    关系副词：when, where, why
    2、关系代词的用法
    (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little,
none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
    All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在场的人都哭了。
    (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some,
very等词修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：
    He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他绝不是做这种事的人。
    (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, , 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
    There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of
whom are well educated. 有700万人参加了这次竞选，其中大部分都受过良好教育。
    (4)
非限制性定语从句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一个词，也可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and
this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
    He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
    他比赛获胜，令他父母十分欣慰。
    (5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
    (6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
    The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
    (7) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用
who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
    Is there anyone here who will go with you?
   
                    

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    3、关系副词引导的定语从句
    关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
    He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了。
    We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was
founded.
    我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
    I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因。
    This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。
    另外，that可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。
    that有时可以代替关系副词 when, where
或者why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
    Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.
    His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was
born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
    He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty
years ago.
    他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
    4、限制性和非限制性定语从句
    1)限制性定语从句
    This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
    The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
    这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
    2)非限制性定语从句
    He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
    他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
    Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
    液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
    5、As在定语从句中的用法
    1)引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
    (1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
    (2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
    The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
    2)As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
   
                    

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    as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
    As is expected, the England team won the football match.
    The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
    6、介词+关系代词的用法
    (1) “介词+关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词+关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about,
from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
    This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
    这就是我们讨论的那么多的问题。
    This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.
    这就是那位我们院长与之握手的外国客人。
    (2) from where为 “介词+关系副词“ 结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
    We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.
    (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care
of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
    This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
    He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the
morning.
    他最终找到了他一早上一直在找的钢笔。