厦门大学2003年阅读及英美文学、语言学考研真题

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2015年硕士研究生招生考试有很多变化，具体可归纳为考试时间将提前一周、全国各省份分区划复试线、专业突出者允许破格复试三个变化。对于广大考研学习来说，提前进入考前冲刺模式。但不管招生政策如何变化，考研真题仍然是同学们考研复习的必备资料。以下是厦门大学2003年阅读及英美文学、语言学考研真题。
    厦门大学2003年阅读及英美文学、语言学考研真题
    　Part One Reading Comprehension70 points
    Passage 1
    The place of the child in society has varied forthousands of years and has
been affected bydifferent cultures and religions. In ancient timesunwanted
children were occasionally abandoned,put to death, exploited, or offered for
religioussacrifices, and in any event a large percentage ofthem didn’t survive
their physically hazardousexistence to achieve maturity.
    In Western civilization within the last few hundred years, there have been
many changes inattitude toward the young. In agricultural Europe, and later with
the beginning of the IndustrialRevolution, the children of the poor worked long
hours for little or no pay, and there was nopublic concern for their safety or
welfare. Punishment could be brutal and severe, andsometimes religious passions
were expressed violently with a view toward saving the child'ssoul.
    By the eighteenth century the harsh, deterministic, doctrinaire methods
began to show somechange. Society slowly accorded children a role of more
importance. Books were writtenexpressly for them and gradually laws were passed
for their protection.
    In the past few decades parents have become more attentive to the needs of
their children.Better health care is available and education is no longer
reserved for a limited few. With somany now able to go to college, many
educators feel that we have too many students and toofew competent scholars.
Some say the pendulum in child rearing has swung so far towardpermissiveness
that many children are growing up alienated from society and with no respectfor
law or parental authority.
    The tendency today is for teachers and parents to emphasize individual
responsibility and tostress that educational goals for students should be
tailored to their chosen vocations ratherthan provide a generalized higher
education.
    1. What does the article say about children?
    A. They have always been the hope of mankind.
    B. In certain periods of history no one cared about them.
    C. In the mid-eighteenth century western attitudes toward children began to
change.
    D. There were laws barring child labor during the industrial
revolution.
    2. What does the article say about children in ancient times?
    A. They were often cruelly beaten.
    B. At times they were used as sacrificial offerings.
    C. People who didn't want children usually murdered them.
    D. Though they were abused or neglected by their parents, children survived
to adulthood withlittle difficulty.
    3. What changes have occurred in the past few decades with regard to the
child's place insociety?
    A. Child raising has become more permissive.
    B. Public health care has improved so much that children now need no
particular health care.
    C. Children are becoming more intelligent.
    D. Children are becoming more respectful toward their parents.
    4. What is the present trend in child discipline and education?
    A. Giving as many young people as possible a popular generalized college
education.
    B. Creating more regimentation of the individual.
    C. Teaching children to conform to rigorous rules.
    D. Emphasizing individual responsibility.
    　　Passage 2
    Many experimental cars have been designed as one-of-a-kind models to be
shown privately orpresented in auto shows, but never produced for actual sale.
One purpose of such cars is totest consumer reaction to the various features
shown. They are also the results of inspired aswell as innovative ideas
developed in the automaker’s workshops. One experimental car, theFirebird by
General Motors, had a single stick control system eliminating the
conventionalsteering wheel, brake pedal and accelerator. Moving the stick to
right steered the car in thosedirections. Pushing forward accelerated the car
and pulling back applied the brakes. The controlstick was in the center of the
front compartment and either the driver or the passenger couldoperate it.
    5. In this paragraph what is meant by an experimental car?
    A) A display car that customers can have made to order
    B) One that the company will produce in volume the following year
    C) A car to suit the tastes of the very wealthy.
    D) A car to test public reaction to new features.
    6. What was said about the Firebird put out by General Motors?
    A) It immediately proved to be immensely popular.
    B) It was a car that could be maneuvered with the use of fewer knobs and
pedals thanconventional cars.
    C) It was a new system that was practically foolproof.
    D) It gave the driver a sense of security.
    7. What do the manufacturers accomplish by making experimental cars?
    A) They can test out new design ideas conceived in the engineering
department.
    B) They are used to deceive their competitors about the direction of their
future designs.
    C) They are displayed to show people how bizarre in design they may
become.
    D) They serve to occupy the spare time of design engineers during slack
seasons.
    　　Passage 3
    One-room schools are part of the United States, and the mention of them
makes people feel avague longing for "the way things were." One-room schools are
an endangered species,however. For more than a hundred years one-room schools
have been systematically shutdown and their students sent away to centralized
schools. As recently as 1930 there were149,000 one-room schools in the United
States. By 1970 there were 1,800. Today, of thenearly 800 remaining one-room
schools, more than 350 are in Nebraska. The rest are scatteredthrough a few
other states that have on their road maps wide-spaces between towns.
    Now that there are hardly any left, educators are beginning to think that
maybe there issomething yet to be learned form one-room schools, something that
served the pioneers thatmight serve as well today. Progressive educators have
come up with progressive-soundingnames like "peer-group teaching" and "multi-age
grouping" for educational procedures thatoccur naturally in the one-room
schools. In one-room schools, the children teach each otherbecause the teacher
is busy part of the Time teaching someone else. A fourth grader can workat a
fifth-grade level in math and a third-grade level in English without the stigma
associatedwith being left back or the pressures of being skipped ahead. A
youngster with a learningdisability can find his or her own level without being
separated from the other pupils. In largerurban and suburban schools today, this
is called "mainstreaming". A few hours is a small schoolthat has only one
classroom and it becomes clear why so many parents feel that one of
theadvantages of living in Nebraska in their children have to go to a one-room
school.
    8. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
    A) To discuss present-day education in the United States.
    B) To mention some advantages of one-room schools.
    C) To persuade states to close down one-room schools.
    D) To summarize the history of education in the United States.
    9. The author implies that many educators and parents today feel that
one-room schools
    A) are too small
    B) put pressure on teachers
    C) are too far apart
    D) provide a good education
    10. According to the passage, why are one-room schools in danger of
disappearing?
    A) They all exist in one state.
    B) There is no fourth-grade level in any of them.
    C) There is a trend towards centralization.
    D) They skip too many children ahead.
    11. According to the passage, about how many one-room schools are there in
the UnitedStates today?
    A) 149,000
    B) 1,800?
    C) 800
    D) 350?
    12. In the second paragraph, what is mentioned as a major characteristic of
the one-roomschool system?
    A) It causes many children to be left back.
    B) It must work in conjunction with an urban school.
    C) It does not allow teachers to do any individual teaching.
    D) It does not limited to one grade level at a time.
    13. The attitude of the author toward one-room school is one of
    A) humor
    B) indifference
    C) commendation
    D) anger
    　　Passage 4
    In the past, evolutionary biologists contemplating the absence of wheels in
nature agreed thatthe explanation was not undesirability; wheels would be good
for animals, just as they are forus. Animals were prevented from evolving
wheels, the biologists reasoned, by the followingdilemma: Living cells in an
animal’s body are connected to the heart by blood vessels, and tothe brain by
nerves. Because a rotating joint is essential to a wheel, a wheel made of
livingcells would twist its artery, vein, and nerve connections at the first
revolution, making livingwheels impracticable.
    However, there is a flaw in the argument that the evolution of wheeled
animals was thwartedby the insoluble joint problem. The theory fails to explain
why animals have not evolvedwheels of dead tissue with no need for arteries and
nerves. Countless animals, including us,bear external structures without blood
supply or nerves – for example, our hair andfingernails, or the scales, claws,
and horns of other animals. Why have rats not evolved bonywheels, similar to
roller skates? Paws might be more useful than wheels in some situations,
butcat’s claws are retractable; why not retractable wheels? We thus arrive at
the serious biologicalparadox flippantly termed the RRR dilemma: nature’s
failure to produce rats with retractableroller skates.
    14. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
    (A) Evolutionary Biology: New Research Methods
    (B) How Do Living Joints Function?
    (C) Wheels for Animals: A Biological Possibility?
    (D) The Evolutionary History of The Wheel
    15. The passage discusses the evolution of animals in terms of their
______
    (A) genetic structures(B) reproductive cycles (C) anatomy (D) behavior
    16. The structural material of the wheels discussed in the passage in would
be similar to that of______
    (A) nerves(B) joints (C) arteries and veins (D) scales and horns
    17. The concept of retractable roller skates, mentioned in the last
sentence, would be bestexplained as ______
    (A) an evolutionary variation of claws
    (B) a complex structure of living tissue
    (C) an example of human intervention in natural development
    (D) a new discovery by evolutionists
    　　Passage 5
    When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally
been completed, thereally challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty,
backbreaking, brawling business ofactually building the lines. The men who took
it on comprised the most cosmopolitan work crewin American history. They
included Civil War veterans and freed slaves, Irish and Germanimmigrants,
Mormons and atheists, Shoshonis, Paiutes, Washos, and Chinese.
    At the peak of their labors, the work crews laid two to five miles of track
a day. The men filledravines, ran spidery trestles across rivers and valleys,
and punched holes through mountains.And they did all these jobs largely by their
own muscle power.
    Flatcars carried rails to within half a mile of the railhead; there the
iron was loaded onto carts.An eyewitness described the procedure: “A light car,
drawn by a single horse, gallops up tothe front with its load rails. Two
menseize the end of a rail and start forward, the rest of thegang taking holding
by twos until it is clear of the car. They come forward at a run. At the wordof
command, the rail is dropped in its place, right side up. Less than thirty
seconds to a rail foreach gang, and so four rails to down to the minute.”
    18. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?
    (A)An Eyewitness Report
    (B)A Difficult Task
    (C) The Hiring Of a Construction Crew
    (D)The Railroad And The Civil War
    19. According to the passage, in addition to laying railroad track, the
work crew did which ofthe following?
    (A)Climbed over mountain peaks.
    (B)Planned railroads.
    (C) Caught horses
    (D)Made tunnels.
    20. In second paragraph, the word “they” refers to ______
    (A) men
    (B) valleys
    (C) mountains
    (D) jobs
    21. Which of the following phrases could be substituted for the phrased
“clear of” (in the thirdparagraph) without changing the meaning of the
sentence?
    (A) put through
    (B) visible to
    (C) away from
    (D) open to
                    

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　　Passage 6
    With the show Rodeo, Agnes de Mille had been an innovator in the world of
ballet. But with theshow Oklahoma!, she revolutionized the Broadway stage –
brought to an end the dance lineroutine of high kicks and mechanized movement,
and gave in its place dance and plotsmoothly integrated, choreography
reinforcing the action. Twenty-five years later, in March, 1968, a New York
Times article by the theater critic Walter Kerr, headed “In the Beginning
WasOklahoma!”, stated, “Oklahoma! had a plot. It had to do with whether a boy
would succeed intaking emotional implications had to be danced out at great
length in what remains the mostexhilarating dancing … ever devised for the
United States musical comedy stage.”
    The impact of Oklahoma! was instantaneous. The song “Beautiful Morning”
sounded out viaradios, in restaurants, from cars passing on the highways, in
shoeshine parlors. Full skirts ofgingham patterns, street shoes made to look
like ballet slippers, the ponytail hairdo, were therage. The play ran for five
years and nine weeks in New York City. A traveling road companyplayed it for
nine and a half years. It also toured abroad for several years. In 1955 it
became amovie. A newly assembled all-star company was sent abroad by the State
Department asrepresentative of a part of United States culture.
    As for Agnes de Mille, her days of giving recitals and losing $300 to
$1,000 each time were over.She became the most sought-after choreographer on
Broadway.
    22. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
    (A) To explain the background of the song “Beautiful Morning”
    (B) To compare Rodeo and Oklahoma!
    (C) To describe Agnes de Mille’s success with Oklahoma!
    (D) To discuss the fashions made popular by Oklahoma!
    23. The author cites Walter Kerr because he was ______
    (A) the composer of the music for Oklahoma!
    (B) a dancer who performed with Agnes de Mille
    (C) a critic who praised Agnes de Mille’s choreography
    (D) the owner of The New York Times
    24. In the second paragraph, the expression “were the rage” could best be
replaced by ______
    (A)created chaos
    (B)made people crazed
    (C) made people angry
    (D)were very popular
    25. According to the passage, Oklahoma! was selected by the State
Department to beperformed abroad because it was ______
    (A)considered rather revolutionary
    (B)representative of an aspect of American life
    (C) poorly received in New York City
    (D)an inspiring love story
    26. The passage implies that prior to Oklahoma! Agnes de Mille had given
recitals that were______
    (A)popular comedy routines
    (B)financially unsuccessful
    (C) performed at picnics
    (D)broadcast over the radio
    　　Passage 7
    Lichens are a unique group of complex, flowerless plants growing on rocks
and trees. Thereare thousands kinds of lichens, which come in a wide variety of
colors. They are composed ofalgae and fungi, which unite to satisfy the needs
the lichens.
    The autotrophic green algae produce all their own food through a process
calledphotosynthesis and provide the lichen with nutritional elements. On the
other hand, theheterotrophic fungus, which on other elements to provide its
food, not only absorbs andstores water for the plant, but also helps protect it.
This union by which two dissimilarorganisms live together is called
"symbiosis".
    This sharing enables lichens to resist the most adverse environmental
conditions found onearth. They can be found in some very unlikely places such as
polar ice caps as well as intropical zones, in dry areas as well in wet ones, on
mountain peaks and along coastal areas.
    The lichen's strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability
to live in harmonywith such environments is one example that humanity should
consider in trying solve theirown problems.
    27. Which of the following is NOT true?
    (A) Lichens are not simple plants
    (B) The lichen habitat is limited to the polar ice caps
    (C) Lichens can resist a hostile environment.
    (D) Heterotrophic plants depend on their elements to supply their food.
    28. What can be said about autotrophic plants and heterotrophic plants?
    (A) They produce their food in the same manner.
    (B) They produce their food in the same manner.
    (C) Autotrophic plants need other elements to supply their food.
    (D) Their methods of food production are completely different.
    29. What of the following conclusions could be made about lichens?
    (A) They are found worldwide and are complex plants made up of algae and
fungi.
    (B) They are found worldwide and are simple plants, symbiotic in
nature.
    (C) They are found worldwide and are compound plants made up entirely of
algae.
    (D) Although found worldwide, lichens are found mostly as a simple form in
the tropics.
    30. Which of the following directly relates to algae?
    (A) It offers protection to lichens.
    (B) It supplies water for lichens.
    (C) It supplies its own food.
    (D) It is depended on other plants for its food supply.
    　　Passage 8
    Why save endangered species? For the general public, endangered species
appear to be littlemore than biological oddities. A very different perception is
gained from considering the issueof extinction in a wider context. The important
pint is that many major social advances havebeen made on the basis of life forms
whose worth would never have been perceived in advance.Consider the impact of
rubber-producing plants on contemporary life and industry:approximately
two-thirds of the world’s rubber supply comes from rubber-producing plantsand is
made into objects as diverse as rubber washers and rubber boots.
    31. The author’s point is made chiefly by _______
    (A) acknowledging the validity of two opposing points of view
    (B) appealing to the emotions of the audience rather than to their
intellects
    (C) suggesting a useful perspective for viewing the question raised at the
beginning of thepassage
    (D) trying to discredit the view of an opponent without presenting an
alternative hypothesis
    32. All of the following facts could be used for as illustrative examples
in addition to theexample of rubber-producing plants except _________
    (A) The discovery of the vaccine for smallpox resulted from observing the
effect of the cowpoxvirus on the hands of dairy workers
    (B) The major source of our pharmaceutical supplies is plants, some of them
commonlythought of as weeds.
    (C) Certain antibiotics were originally derived from mold growing on
cantaloupe
    (D) Plastic is a unique product derived from petroleum and petroleum by
products
    　　Passage 9
    According to a recent historical study, capital punishment deters murder
only during weekswhen well-publicized executions take place. During such weeks,
homicides fail to a level belowaverage. The yearly murder rate, however, is not
affected by the number of well-publicizedexecutions.
    33. If the above passage is true, which of the following statements must
also be true?
    (A) In the period studied, the number of well-publicized executions
remained virtually the samefrom year to year.
    (B) For at least one week during any years in which there were
well-publicized executions,murder rates were above average.
    (C) During some weeks of each year of the study, an extraordinary number of
publicexecution took place.
    (D) In the past, newspapers considered capital punishment important news
and devotedextensive coverage to all executions.
    　　Passage 10
    Jet fighters have recently been equipped with electronics improvements
enabling the pilot toshoot down an enemy plane while still out of sight. There
is, however, the following problem:there is no sure way of determining whether a
plane that is out of sight is friend or foe.
    34. Which of the following products suffers from a drawback that, in its
logical features, ismost like the problem described above?
    (A) A fire alarm system with such a high heat and smoke threshold that it
is likely to react toolate to a developing fire
    (B) An improved electronic ignition system whose superiority is limited to
those rate timeswhen it is perfectly adusted.
    (C) A product marketed as a weedkiller that kills all plants to which it is
applied before theresume active growth in the spring.
    (D) A cold medicine that relieves most symptoms of the common cold but also
causes spells ofdizziness.
                    

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　　Passage 11
    “On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now
than they used tobe. I know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do
the work they are assigned.”
    35. The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following
assumptions?
    (A) Engineering students are working less because, in a booming market,
they spending moreand more time investigating different job opportunities.
    (B) Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good
indication of how lazythey are.
    (C) Engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding
fields.
    (D) Laziness is something most people do not outgrow.
    36. Which of the following identifies a flaw in Ms. Dennis’ reasoning?
    (A) Plenty of people besides engineering students do no work as hard as
they should.
    (B) Ms. Dennis does not consider the excuses her students may have for
being lazy.
    (C) The argument does not propose any constructive solutions to the problem
it identifies.
    (D) The argument assumes that Ms. Dennis’ students are representative of
engineeringstudents in general.
    　　Passage 12
    Athletic director: “members of our sports teams included, for fall season,
80 football playersand 40 cross-country runners; for the spring season, 20
wrestlers and 40 swimmers; for thespring season, 50 track-team members and 20
lacrosse players. Each team athlete participatesin his or her sport five days a
week for the whole three-month season, and no athlete is ontwo teams during any
one season. Therefore, adding these figures, we find that our teamsports program
serves 250 different individual athletes.”
    37. In drawing the conclusion above, the athletic director fails to
consider the relevantpossibility that
    (A) athletes can be on more than one team in a single season
    (B) athletes can be on teams in more than one season
    (C) some of the team sports require a larger number of athletes on the team
than do others
    (D) more athletes participate in team sports during one season than during
another.
    　　Passage 13
    Popular culture in the United States has become Europeanized to an extent
unimaginabletwenty-five years ago. Not many people then drank wine with meals,
and no one drankimported mineral water. No idea would have been more astonishing
than that Americanswould pay to watch soccer games. Such thoughts arise because
of a report that the AmericanAssociation of State Highway and Transportation
Officials has just adopted a proposal todevelop the country’s first
comprehensive interstate system of routes for bicycles.
    38. Which of the following inferences is best supported by the passage?
    (A) Long-distance bicycle routes are used in Europe.
    (B) Drinking imported mineral water is a greater luxury than drinking
imported wine.
    (C) United States culture has benefited from exposure to foreign ideas.
    (D) Most Europeans make regular use bicycles.
    　　Passage 14
    Superficially, college graduates in 1982 resemble college graduates of
1964; they are fairlyconservatives, well dressed, and interested in tradition;
they respect their parents. But there isa deep-seated difference: a majority of
the members of the class of 1982 who were surveyedin there freshman year stated
that making a good income was an important reason for theirdecision to go to
college.
    39. The statements in the passage above, if true, best support which of the
followingconclusions?
    (A) The concerns of college graduates of 1964 were superficial compared to
the financialworries of college graduates of 1982.
    (B) Fewer than half the students of the class of 1964 declared as freshmen
that they enteredcollege in order to increase their earning potential.
    (C) Educational background did not play as significant a part I determining
income in 1964 as itdoes in 1982.
    (D) A majority of the members of the class of 1964 revived their reasons
for attending collegebetween their freshman year and college education.
    　　Passage 15
    Many of those who advocate trimming hospital costs argue that the federal
money saved bysuch cuts could be utilized for important social purposes:
rebuilding the cities, reducing safetyhazards in the workplace, preserving the
environment, improving schooling, or developingbetter sources of energy. Their
enthusiasm would be dampened if the savings were divertedto other objectives:
expanding the military, balancing the budget, revitalizing the spaceprogram, or
cutting capital gains taxes. One cannot be confident that any useful result
wouldbe obtained by diverting funds from the hospital system.
    40. The author of the passage above assumes that ________
    (A) those who favor government expenditure for some social purposes oppose
governmentexpenditure in other areas
    (B) federal money should not be used for rebuilding the cities and other
social purposes
    (C) hospital costs are not excessive
    (D) hospital costs should be trimmed after the projected savings have been
allocated forspecific purposes.
                    

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　　Passage 16
    There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury
and death frommotor vehicle accidents. More than 70 percent of all households
own passenger cars or lighttrucks and each of these is driven an average of more
than 11,000 miles each year. Almostone-half of fatally injured drivers have a
blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent orhigher. For the average
adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumedover a
short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers, demonstrate
these levels.Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BAC of 0.1 percent or
more are involved in fatalcrashes, the probability of their involvement is 27
times higher than for those withoutalcohol in their blood.
    There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which
intoxication plays arole. Based on the observation that excessive consumption
coorelates with the total alcoholconsumption of a countrys population, it has
been suggested that higher taxes on alcoholwould reduce both. While the heaviest
drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks atall would be penalized by
this approach.
    To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed
only at intoxicateddrivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request
breath tests of drivers cited forany traffic offense and elevated BAC can be
basis for arrest. The national Highway TrafficSafety Administration estimates,
however, that even with increased arrests, there are about700 violations for
every arrest. At this level there is little evidence that laws serve
asdeterrents to drinking while intoxicated. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities
fell 25 percentimmediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in
1967. As the Britishincreasingly recognized that they could drink and not be
stopped, the effectiveness declined,although in the ensuring three years the
fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the sevenyears prior to the
Act.
    Whether penalties for driving with high BAC or excessive taxation on
consumption of alcoholicbeverages will deter the excessive drinker responsible
for most fatalities is unclear. In part,the answer depends on the extent to
which those with high BACs involved in crashed arecapable of controlling their
intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeuticprograms which range
from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy tochemotherapy constitute
another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion ofaccidents in
which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been
reported,there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs for those
repeatedly arrested for drunkenbehavior have reduced either the recidivism or
crash rates. Thus far, there is no firm evidencethat Alcohol Safety Action
Project supported programs, in which rehabilitation measures arerequested by the
court, have decreased recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposedto
them, although knowledge and attitude have improved. One thing is clear,
however, unlesswe deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents
in which alcoholic intoxicationplays a role, many will continue to die.
    41. The author is mainly concentrated with ______.
    A. interpreting the result of surveys on traffic fatalities
    B. reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk driving
    C. suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United
States
    D. making an international comparison of U.S. and Britain
    42. It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain ______.
    A. changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined driving
while intoxicated
    B. made it illegal to drive while intoxicated
    C. placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks
    D. required drivers convicted under the law to undergo rehabilitation
therapy
    43. The author implies that a BACs of 0.1 percent _______
    A. is unreasonably high as a definition of intoxication for purpose of
driving
    B. penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to
consume without limit
    C. will operate as an effective deterrent to cover 90 percent of the people
who might drinkand drive
    D. proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a
short time
    44. With which of the following statements about making driving while
intoxicated a criminaloffense versus increasing taxes on alcohol consumption
would the author most likely agree?
    A. Making driving while intoxicated a criminal offense is preferable to
increased taxes onalcohol because the former is aimed only at those who abuse
alcohol by driving whileintoxicated
    B. Increased taxation on alcohol consumption is likely to be more effective
in reducing trafficfatalities because taxation covers all consumers and not just
those who drive.
    C. Since neither increased taxation nor enforcement of criminal laws
against drunk drivers Ilikely to have any significant impact, neither measure is
warranted.
    D. Because arrests of intoxicated drivers have proved to be expensive and
administrativelycumbersome, increased taxation on alcohol is the most promising
means of reducing trafficfatalities.
    45. The author cites the British example in order to _______
    A. show the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain than in the
U.S.
    B. prove that stricter enforcement of law against intoxicated drivers would
reduce traffic deaths
    C. prove that a slight increase in the number arrests of intoxicated
drivers will not deter drunkdriving
    D. demonstrate the need to lower BAC levels in State that have laws against
drunk driving
    46. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the author’s statement
that the effectivenessof proposals to stop the intoxicated driver depends, in
part, on the extent to which of the highBAC driver can control his or her
intake?
    A. Even if the heavy drinker cannot control intake, criminal laws against
driving whileintoxicated can deter hi or her from driving while intoxicated.
    B. Rehabilitation programs aimed at drivers convicted of driving while
intoxicated have notsignificantly reduced traffic fatalities.
    C. Many traffic fatalities are caused by factors unrelated to the excessive
consumption ofalcohol by the driver involved.
    D. Even though severe penalties may not deter the intoxicated driver, these
laws will punishhim or her for the harm caused by driving while intoxicated.
    47. The author’s tone of the end of article can be described as _____
    A. ironic
    B. indifferent
    C. admonitory
    D. indecisive
    Passage 17
    War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems
on missiles,touch virtually every square yard of the earth’s surface. War has
also lost most of its utility inachieving the traditional goals of conflict.
Control of territory carries with it the obligation toprovide subject peoples
certain administrative, health, educations, and other social services;such
obligations far outweight the benefits of control. If the ruled population is
ethnically ofracially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest
often exist which further reducethe benefits and increase the costs of
domination. Large populations no longer necessarilyenhance state power and, in
the absence of high levels of economic development, can imposesevere burdens on
food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of
moderngovernments. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its
wealth are vastlyoutproduced by the benefits of persuading that nation to
produce and exchange goods andservices. In brief, imperialism no longer
pays.
    Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the
80 centuries sincemen and women settled in cities and thereby became
“civilized,” but the modernization of thepast 80 years has fundamentally changed
the role and function of war. In premodernizedsocieties, successful warfare
brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of whichwere the stored
wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor, -- control overpeople
as slaves or levies for the victor’s army, and there was the productive capacity
–agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic
benefits. The removalor destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and
power gained over other screated pride and national self-esteem.
    War was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of human condition,
a mechanism ofchange, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The
excitement and drama of warmade it a vital part of literature and legends.
    48. According to the passage, leaders of premodernized society considered
war to be
    A. a valid tool of national policy
    B. an immoral act of aggression
    C. economically wasteful and socially unfeasible
    D. restricted in scope to military participants
    49. The author most likely places the word “civilized” in the second
paragraph in order to
    A. show dissatisfaction at not having found a better word
    B. acknowledge that the word was borrowed from another source
    C. express irony that war should be a part of civilization
    D. impress upon the reader the tragedy of war
    50. The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going
to war in apremodernized society EXCEPT
    A. possibility of material gain
    B. total annihilation of the enemy and destruction of enemy territory
    C. potential for increasing the security of the nation
    D. desire to capture productive farming lands
    51. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?
    A. Scientific and detached
    B. Outraged and indignant
    C. Humorous and wry
    D. Fearful and alarmed
    Passage 18
    Why should anyone want to set aside a day to honor a lowly little
ground-hog?The answer tothat question is not certain, but a group of people get
together every February 2 inPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to watch Punxsutawney
“Pete” leave his burrow. What "Pete "doesnext, many believe, will show whether
spring is just around the corner or a long way off. Yousee, in Pennsylvania on
this date there is usually a great deal of snow on the ground, and thelittle
animal has been hibernating during the long, cold winter. He filled himself
during theautumn months and then went into his burrow for a long sleep, his body
fat helping keep himalive. But as he appears on February 2, he looks very thin.
If the sun' is shining brightly and hesees his shadow, according to old stories,
it frightens him back into his home where he willstay another six weeks. Should
it be cloudy and gray, the little animal will supposedly walkaround for food-a
sure sign that spring is near. While many believe in the groundhog'sinformation
about future happening, it is unwise to accept them as a factual
    52. According to this passage ,why do people gather every year to watch the
groundhog?
    A. Her s clever and playful, and children love to watch him.
    B. Hers looking for food and the people want to help him find it in the
snow.
    C. Many people believe him to be a sign of the coming of spring.
    D. The people want to be sure he is alive after such a long winter.
    53. How does the groundhog manage to stay alive during the long winter?
    A. People send out food for him.
    B. He stores body fat before winter comes.
    C. He wakes up on nice days and hunts for food.
    D. It is something unknown to people.
    54. Which of the following is NOT true?
    A. Animals have a certain instinct which helps them predict the
seasons.
    B. According to the legend, the grounding leaves his burrow on February
2.
    C. Groups of people in Pennsylvania wait for the groundhog’s
predictions.
    D. After his long period of hibernation, the groundhog looks very thin.
    55. What prediction does the groundhog supposedly make?
    A. If he sees his shadow, it will soon be spring.
    B. If he sees his shadow, spring will not arrive for another six weeks.
    C. If he does not see his shadow, spring will arrive in six weeks.
    D. If he does not see his shadow, all the snow will disappear
immediately.
    Passage 19
    When buying a house, you must be sure to have it checked for termites.A
termite is much likean ant in its communal habits, although physically the two
insects are distinct.
    Like those of ants, termite colonies consist of different classes, with its
own particular job. Themost perfectly formed termites, both male and female,
make up the reproductive class. Theyhave eyes, hard body walls, and fully
developed wings. A pair of reproductive termites foundsthe colony. When new
reproductive termites develop, they leave to form another colony. Theyuse their
wings only this one time and then break them off.
    The worker termites are small, blind, and wingless, with soft bodies, they
make up the majorityof the colony and do all the work. Soldiers are also
wingless and blind but are larger than theworkers and have hard heads and strong
jaws and legs. They defend the colony and are caredfor by the workers.
    The male and female of the reproductive class remain inside a closed-in
cell where the femalelays thousands of eggs. The workers place the eggs in cells
and care for them.
    56.How are termites like ants?
    A.They live in communities, and each class has a specific duty.
    B.Their bodies are the same shape.
    C.The king and queen are imprisoned.
    D.The females’ reproductive capacities are the same.
    57.Which of the following is NOT true?
    A.All termites have eyes.
    B.Some termites cannot fly.
    C.Workers are smaller than soldiers.
    D.Termites do not fly often.
    58.Which of the following statements is probably true?
    A.Thousands of termites may move together to develop a new colony.
    B.The male and female reproductives do not go outdoors except to form a new
colony.
    C.There are more soldiers than workers.
    D.A worker could easily kill a soldier.
    　　Passage 20
    In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies
of the judicialsystem in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the
taxpayers and the litigants--andthe litigants, or parties, have to concerning
methods of ameliorating the situation, but as inmost branches of government,
changes come slowly. One suggestion that has been made inorder to maximize the
efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have anoverabundance of
pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such
abacklog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge
meets in hischambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow
the issues, limit thewitnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory
behind pretrial conferences is thatjudges will spend less time on each case and
parties will more readily settle before trial whenthey realize the adequacy of
their claims and their opponents' evidence. Unfortunately, atleast one study has
shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than theysave,
rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage
settlements. ?
    Many states have now established another method, small-claims, in which
cases over smallsums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch.
Such proceedings cost thelitigants almost nothing. In California, for example,
the parties must appear before the judgewithout the assistance of counsel. The
proceedings are quite informal and there is nopleading-the litigants need to
make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going tothis type of
court, the plaintiff waives any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal
thedecision. ?
    In coming years,we can expect to see more and more innovations in the
continuing effort toremedy a situation which must be remedied if the citizens
who have valid claims are going to beable to their day in court.
    59. The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the
following EXCEPT?
    A. narrow the issues.
    B. cause early settlements.
    C. save judicial time.
    D. increase settlement costs.
    60. What is the main topic of the passage? ?
    A. All states should follow California's example in using small claims
courts in order to freejudges for other work. ?
    B. The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that judiciary can
catch up on its oldercases. ?
    C. Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the
judicial systemmore efficient. ?
    D. While there are many problems with the court system, there are viable
suggestions forimprovement.
    61. The word "litigants" means most nearly
    A. jury members
    B. commentators
    C. parties in a lawsuit
    D. taxpayers
    62. Which of the following is true about small claims courts? ?
    A. It is possible to have one's case heard by a jury if he or she is
dissatisfied with the court'sdecision. ?
    B. The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict form.
?
    C. The decision may not be appealed to a higher court. ?
    D. The parties may not present their cases without an attorney's help.
    63. What can we assume from the passage? ?
    A. Most people who feel they have been wronged have a ready remedy in
courts of law. ?
    B. Many people would like to bring a case to court, but are unable to
because of the cost andtime required. ?
    C. The judicial system in the United States is highly acclaimed for its
efficiency. ?
    D. Pretrial conferences will someday probably have replaced trials
completely.
    　　Passage 21
    In 1971, the great Persian Empire celebrated the 2500th anniversary of its
founding. Itsfounder was Cyrus the Great, who proclaimed himself the King of
Kings. His son Cambysessucceeded him, conquering Egypt and expanding the empire.
Darius I followed Cambyses andwas probably the most famous of this long line of
kings. Under his rule, the empire stretched asfar as India. Governors were
placed in charge of the provinces. Extensive systems of roads andwaterways
improved communication throughout the realm. He was one of a few ancient
rulerswho permitted his subjects to worship as they wished. The magnificent city
of Persepolis,founded under his direction in 518 B.C., was a ceremonial center
then as well as in the 1970’s.
    64. Who is considered the founder of the Persian Empire?
    A. Persepolis
    B. Cyrus
    C. Darius I
    D. Cambyses
    65. In what year was Persian Empire founded?
    A. 2500 B.C
    B. 518 B.C
    C. 529 B.C
    D. 971 B.C
    66. Who was the predecessor of Cambyses?
    A. Egypt
    B. Darius I
    C. Persepolis
    D. Cyrus
    67. Which of the following best describes the empire under Darius I?
    A. ceremonial
    B. bellicose
    C. punitive
    D. progressive
    　　Passage 22
    Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for
luxury goods andservices that took place in eighteenth-century England.
McKendrick has explored the Wedgwoodfirm’s remarkable success in marketing
luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the rapidincrease of provincial
theaters, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the factof
this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who
were theconsumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new
demand forluxuries?
    An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it
has been possible toinfer from the goods and services actually produced what
manufacturers and servicing tradesthought their customers wanted, only a study
of relevant personal documents written byactual consumers will provide a precise
picture of who wanted what. We still need to know howlarge this consumer market
was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand forluxury goods
penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing
thatThompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of
eighteenth-century Englishhistory, has probably exaggerated the opposition of
these people to the sudden attacks ofcapitalist consumerism in general. For
example, laboring people in eighteenth-century Englandreadily shifted from
home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavilycapitalized urban
breweries.
    To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some
historians havepointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a
relatively uncensored press. This,however, hardly seems a sufficient answer.
Mckendrick favors a Velen model of conspicuousconsumption stimulated by
competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods andservices because
they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whetherthis
explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of
self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of
new concepts ofindividualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy
for conspicuouscompetition.
    Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries?
McKendrick claimsthat it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the
Industrial Revolution. But does it?What, for example, does the production of
high-quality pottery and toys have to do with thedevelopment of iron manufacture
or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have thepsychology and reality of
a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.
    The future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary. It
should not,however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the
insatiable demand ineighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful
goods and services foreshadows ourown world.
    68. In the first paragraph, the author mentions Mckendrick and Plumb most
probably in order to
    A. contrast their views on luxury consumerism in 18th-century England
    B. confirm key questions about 18th-century England consumerism
    C. exemplify historians who have proved the growing consumerism in
18th-century England
    D. compare one historian’s interest in luxury goods to another historian’s
interest in luxuryservices
    69. Concerning the answer to who the consumers are, the writer seems to
    A. doubt that laboring people were also involved in the consumer
revolution.
    B. exaggerate the extent of the demand for luxury goods
    C. agree with Thompson on the scale of the market
    D. prefer home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by urban
breweries.
    70. According to the Velen model, the “middle sort” of customers bought
luxury goods to
    A. gratify themselves
    B. show individualism
    C. keep up with Joneses
    D. boast of their wealth
    Part Two Linguistics 30 points (Write down your answers to the questions in
this partof the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test
center.)
    1.Please list the types of antonymy in language, and then try to account
for the sense relationsin each type of antonymy with examples. 10 points
    2.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are
they? 5 points
    3. What do you think are the basic requirements of a good language test? 5
points
    4.What are the four maxims in the Cooperative Principle? Please use
examples to show thatconversational implicature can arise when the maxims are
violated. 10 points
    Part Three Literature 50 points (Write down your answers to the questions
in this part of thetest in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test
center.)
    I. Write down the names of the authors of the following literary works: (9
points)
    1.Lady Chatterley’s Lover
    2.The Heart of Darkness
    3.The Last of Mohicans
    4.The Sun Also Rises
    5.I am the poet of the Body and I am the poet of the Soul.
    6.Much Madness is divinest Sense -- / To a discerning eye –
    7.I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the
difference.
    8.The Trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind, / If Winter comes, can Spring be far
behind?
    9.Do I dare / Disturb the universe? / In a minute there is time for
decisions and revisions whicha minute will reverse.
    10. Alone, alone, all, all alone, / Alone on a wide, wide sea!
    II.Answer ONE of the two questions concerning American literature: (7
points)
    1.How is the spiritual and moral state of the young people after the First
World War asreflected in American fiction?
    2.What do you think of American romantic writers who wrote between 1820 and
1861? Whatare their similarities and differences?
    III. Answer ONE of the two questions concerning British literature: (7
points)
    1.Give a brief account of the central theme and the significance of
Shakespeare’s tragedyHamlet.
    2.State briefly the difference between the “Lake Poets” (Wordsworth and
Coleridge) and themore socially- and historically- concerned romantic poets such
as Byron and Shelly. Proveyour points with specific evidence from their
poems.
    IV.Describe and make a comment on TWO of the following characters from
English literature(1-4) and ANOTHER TWO from American literature (5-8): (16
points):
    1. Beowulf
    2. Gulliver
    3. Mrs. Warren
    4. Mr. Allworthy
    5. Natty Bumppo
    6. Daisy Buchanan
    7. Tom Sawyer
    8. Ma Joad (Grapes of Wrath)
    V. Read the poem and answer the questions below: (10 points):
    the sonnet-ballad
    Oh mother, mother, where is happiness?
    They took my lover's tallness off to war,
    Left me lamenting. Now I cannot guess
    What I can use an empty heart-cup for.
    He won't be coming back here any more.
    Some day the war will end, but, oh, I knew
    When he went walking grandly out that door
    That my sweet love would have to be untrue.
    Would have to be untrue. Would have to court
    Coquettish death, whose impudent and strange
    Possessive arms and beauty (of a sort)
    Can make a hard man hesitate--and change.
    And he will be the one to stammer, "Yes."
    Oh mother, mother, where is happiness?
    Note:
    1.An empty heart-cup: Her heart, like a cup, has been emptied.
    2.Coquettish death: a personification of death as a coquette, a vamp, a
seductress.
    Questions:
    1.What is the situation in the poem?
    2.Discuss the metaphor used in the poem.
    3.What kind of feeling is expressed through the poem?