厦门大学2004年英美文学、语言学考研真题

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2015年硕士研究生招生考试有很多变化，具体可归纳为考试时间将提前一周、全国各省份分区划复试线、专业突出者允许破格复试三个变化。对于广大考研学习来说，提前进入考前冲刺模式。但不管招生政策如何变化，考研真题仍然是同学们考研复习的必备资料。以下是厦门大学2004年阅读及英美文学、语言学专业课考研真题(回忆版)。
   
    厦门大学2004年阅读及英美文学、语言学专业课
      考研真题试卷(回忆版)
    Part One Reading Comprehension 70 points
    Directions: Each passage is followed byquestions based on its content.
After readingthe passage, choose the best answer to eachquestion. Answer all
questions following thepassage on the basis of what is stated orimplied in that
passage.
    Passage 1
    The tap dancer, like the flamenco performer, isbasically an improviser.
Thus looking at tap onewants to savor the personality and inventiveness of the
individual. When Bill Robinson dancedin the movies, his technical skill and
sophisticated rhythms could be heard as well as seen.The Nicholas Brothers ran
up walls or the proscenium arch of the theater or jumped offplatforms and landed
in splits on the floor. Peg Leg Bates, who had lost a leg, made a specialtyout
of dancing with his wooden leg. Sandman Sims scattered sand on the floor (as
Fred Astairedid in one of his films) and tapped ever so softly, slid and turned
in dances as soothing aslullabies.
    1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
    (A) The styles of various tap dancers
    (B) The structure of the modern dance theater
    (C) The difference between flamenco and tap dancing
    (D) The use of dance in certain movie productions
    2. According to the passage, in what way is a flamenco dancer similar to a
tap dancer?
    (A)Both perform the same kinds of steps
    (B)Both rely on individual inventiveness
    (C) Both are trained in classical techniques
    (D)Both make very little noise
    3. An acrobatic style of dancing was most closely associated with which of
the followingperformers?
    (A)Peg Leg Bates
    (B)Bill Robinson
    (C) The Nicholas Brothers
    (D)Sims and Astaire
    4. Which two dancers used sand in their routines?
    (A)Robinson and Sims
    (B)The Nicholas Brothers
    (C)Bates and Robinson
    (D)Sims and Astaire
    5. The author implies which of the following about tap dancing?
    (A) It is more complex than flamenco dancing
    (B) It is meant to be heard as well as seen
    (C) It became popular primarily because of the movies
    (D) It should be performed by at least two people.
    　　Passage 2
    The science of meteorology is concerned with the study of the structure,
state, and behaviorof the atmosphere. The subject may be approached from several
directions, but the scenecannot be fully appreciated from any advantage point.
Different views must be integrated togive perspective to the whole picture.?
    One may consider the condition of the atmosphere at a given moment and
attempt to predictchanges from that condition over a period of a few hours to a
few days ahead. This approachis covered by the branch of the science called
synoptic(天气的)meteorology.?
    Synoptic meteorology is the scientific basis of the technique of weather
forecasting by meansof the preparation and analysis of weather maps and
aerological diagram. The practicalimportance of the numerous applications of
weather forecasting cannot be overestimated. Inserving the needs of shipping,
aviation, agriculture, industry, and many other interests andfields of human
activity with accurate weather warnings and professional forecast advice,great
benefits are reaped in the form of the saving of human life and property and in
economicadvantages of various kinds. One important purpose of the science of
meteorology isconstantly to strive, through advanced study and research, to
increase our knowledge of theatmosphere with the aim of improving the accuracy
of weather forecasts.
    ?The tools needed to advance our knowledge in this way are the disciplines
of mathematics andphysics applied to solve meteorological problems. The use of
these tools forms that branch ofthe science called dynamic meteorology.?
    6. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
    (A) The Limitations of Meteorological Forecasting
    (B) New Advances in Synoptic Meteorology?
    (C) Approaches to the Science of Meteorology?
    (D) The Basics of Dynamic Meteorology?
    7. The prediction of synoptic meteorologists are directly based on
the____
    (A) application of the physical sciences
    (B) preparation and study of weather maps
    (C) anticipated needs of industry
    (D)observations of commercial airline pilots
    8. Which of the following is NOT referred to by the author as a field whose
needs are served byweather forecasting??
    A) Transportation.
    B) Manufacturing.?
    C) Farming.
    D) Sports.?
    9. The author implies that increased accuracy in weather forecasting will
lead to____.?
    A) more funds allocated to meteorological research
    B) greater protection of human life??
    C) a higher number of professional forecasters?
    D) less-specialized forms of synoptic meteorology
    10. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of
the third paragraph ofthe passage??
    A) A procedure is explained and its importance is emphasized.?
    B) Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.?
    C) Recent scientific advancements are outlined in order of importance.?
    D) A problem is examined and possible solutions are given.??
    11. In the last sentence of the passage, the phrase “these tools” refers
to____.?
    A) weather forecasts?
    B) meteorological problems
    C) mathematics and physics
    D) economic advantage?
    Passage 3
    There are three basic ways in which individual economic units interact with
one another. Theyare the market system, the administered system, and the
traditional system.?
    In a market system, individual economic units are free to interact among
each other in themarket place. Transactions may take place through barter or
money exchange. In a bartereconomy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and
pizzas are traded against each other.Obviously, finding somebody who wants to
trade an old car in exchange for a sailboat may notalways be an easy task. Hence
the introduction of money as a medium of exchange easestransactions
considerably.?
    An alternative to the market system is administered control by some agency
over alltransactions. This agency will issue laws or commands as to how much
each goods and serviceshould be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each
economic unit. Central planning may beone way of administering such an economy.
The central plan drawn up by the governmentshows the amount of each commodity
produced by the various firms and distributed todifferent households for
consumptin.?
    In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed
by tradition. Eachpersons place with the economic system is fixed by parentage,
religion, and custom.Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too.
People belonging to a certain group orcaste may have an obligation to care for
other persons, provide them with food and shelter,care for their health,and
provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decisionis made on
the basis of tradition alone progress may be difficult to achieve.?
    12. What is the main purpose of the passage??
    (A) To explain the science of economics.?
    (B) To outline types of economic systems.?
    (C) To argue for the superiority of one economic system.?
    (D) To compare barter and money exchange markets.?
    13. In the second paragraph, by which of the following could the word
"real" best be replaced??
    (A) High quality.?
    (B) Concrete.?
    (C) Utter.?
    (D) Essential.?
    14. According to the passage, a barter economy can lead to?
    (A) rapid speed of transactions?
    (B) misunderstandings?
    (C) inflation?
    (D) difficulties for the traders?
    15. According to the passage who has the greatest degree of control on an
administeredsystem??
    (A) Individual households.?
    (B) Small businesses.?
    (C) Major companies.?
    (D) The government.?
    　　Passage 4
    What is the future for cities? Why does one inner-city neighborhood become
a slum andanother a high-class district? Why does one city attract new shopper
and visitors while anotherlanguishes?
    Camden, New Jersey, displays the strong contrast that characterize American
urban areas.The central city of Camden houses an isolated underclass., while
suburban Camden Countyprospers. The population of the city of Camden has
declined from 117,000 in 1960 to lessthan 80,000 today. Nearly 85 percent of the
city’s residents are black and Hispanic, while thewhite population has declined
from 90,000 in 1960 to 10,000 today. Only 1 percent of thehouseholds remaining
have annual incomes of more than $50,000, compared with 20 percent inthe rest of
the country and 10 percent among all black households.
    More than 40 percent of Camden’s residents are under eighteen, closer to
the level found indeveloping countries than to eh rest of the United States. Job
prospects are not promisingfor these young people, because more than half have
left school without obtaining a high-school diploma. In the past, Camden’s
youths could find jobs in factories that producedCampbell’s soups, Esterbrook
pens, and RCA Victor records, radios, and televisions, but thecity has lost 90
percent of its industrial jobs. The Esterbrook and Campbell factories in
Camdenare closed, though Campbell’s corporate offices remain: General Electric
now operates theformer RCA factory but with a labor force at only 15 percent of
the level during the 1960s.Camden’s unemployment rate is more than twice the
national average.
    As Camden’s population and industries decline, few shops have enough
customers to remainopen. The city once had thirteen movie theaters, but none are
left. The murder rate soaredafter gangs carved up the city into districts during
the mid-1980s to control cocaine trafficking.
    Meanwhile, Camden County – excluding the city – has grown from 275,000 in
1960 to morethan 400,000 today. Cherry Hill has more than 75,000 residents
today, compared to less than10,000 in 1960, and will surpass Camden as the
largest city in the county before the end of thedecade. About 85 percent of
Cherry Hill’s high-school graduates go on to college. Cherry Hillhas attracted
so many new jobs that the major obstacles to further economic growth is
ashortage of qualified workers.
    Camden’s mismatch between the locations of people, jobs, resources, and
services exemplifiesthe urban crisis throughout the United States, as well as in
other countries. Geographers helpus to understand why these patterns arise, and
what be done about them.
    16. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
    (A)Camden County is larger than the city of Camden.
    (B)Cherry Hill’s economy is sluggish
    (C)The white people have moved to the suburbs.
    (D)General Electric now employs less workers than it used to.
    17. What is the author most likely to do in the following section?
    (A)Elaborating on geographical patterns of other areas.
    (B)Quoting government policies in favor of her view.
    (C)Highlighting statistics in support of her argument.
    (D)Proposing possible solutions to the problem.
    　　Passage 5
    For a long time we have worked hard at isolating the individual family.
This has increased themobility of individuals; and by encouraging young families
to break away from oldergenerations and the home community, we have burdened
every small family with tremendousresponsibilities once shared within three
generations and among a large number of people – thenurturing of small children,
the initiation of adolescents into adulthood, and care of the sick anddisabled
and the protection of the aged. What we have failed to realize to realize is
that evenas we have separated the single family from the larger society, we have
expected each coupleto take on a range of obligations that traditionally have
been shared within a family and a wildercommunity.
    So all over the world there are millions of families left alone, as it
were, each in its own box –parents faced with the specter of what may happen if
either one gets sick, children fearful thattheir parents may end their quarrels
with divorce, and empty-handed old people without anyrole in the life of the
next generation.
    Then, having reduced little by little to almost nothing the relationship
between families thecommunity, when families get into trouble because they
cannot accomplish the impossible,we turn their problems over to impersonal
social agencies, which can act only in a fragmentedway because they are limited
to patchwork programs that often are too late to accomplishwhat is most
needed.
    Individuals and families do get some kind of help, but what they learn and
what those who workhard within the framework of social agencies convey, even as
they try to help, is that familiesshould be able to care for themselves.
    18. According to the author, when young families are isolated, ______
    A)old people can easily accept the change
    B)people can move from place to place
    C)individuals can hardly become innovative
    D)economy develops at high speed
    19. What is said to be the major problem facing young couples?
    (A)They need to be fulfill more duties
    (B)They are incapable of balancing the budget
    (C)They have their children spoiled and overindulged
    (D)They get empty-handed after divorce.
    20. The author implies that ________.
    (A)social agencies in America can be very helpful
    (B)the help of American families from social agencies is limited.
    (C)the government should do more to improve patchwork programs.
    (D)the fragmentary nature of the American family is unique.
                    

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    Passage 6
    Throughout human history there have been many stringent taboos concerning
watching otherpeople eat or eating in the presence of others. There have been
attempts to explain thesetaboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships
either between those who are involvedand those who are not simultaneously
involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, orbetween those already satiated
and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.Undoubtedly such elements exist
in the taboos, but there is an additional element with amuch more fundamental
importance. In prehistoric times, when food was so precious andthe on-lookers so
hungry, not to offer half of the little food one had was unthinkable, sinceevery
glance was a plea for life. Further, during those times, people existed in
nuclear orextended family groups, and the sharing of food was quite literally
supporting one’s family or,by extension, preserving one’s self.
    21. If the argument in the passage is valid, taboos against eating in the
presence of otherswho are not also eating would be LEAST likely in a society
that
    (A) always had a plentiful supply of food
    (B) emphasized the need to share worldly goods
    (C) emphasized the value of privacy
    (D) discouraged overindulgence
    22. According to the passage, the author believes that past attempts to
explain some taboosconcerning eating are
    (A) implausible
    (B) incomplete
    (D) ill-founded
    (D) inelegant
    　　Passage 7
    Air, like words, is a form of communication. Words, spoken and written,
render accessible tohumans of the latest generations all the knowledge
discovered by the experience andreflection, both of preceding generations and of
the best and foremost minds of their owntimes. Art renders accessible to people
of the latest generations all the feelings experiencedby their predecessors, and
those already felt by their best and foremost contemporaries. Justas the
proceeds through art. Feelings less kind and less necessary for the well-being
ofhumankind are replaced by other kinder and more essential to that end. This is
the purpose ofart, and the more art fulfills that purpose that better the art;
the less it fulfills it , the worse theart.
    23. The author develops the passage primarily by ____
    (A) theory and refutation
    (B) example and generalization
    (C) question and answer
    (D) inference and deduction
    24. According to the author, knowledge is ____
    (A) evolutionary and emotional
    (B)cumulative and progressive
    (C) static and unmoving
    (D)dynamic and cyclical
    25. The style of the passage can best be described as _____
    (A) speculative
    (B) argumentative
    (D) expository
    (D) sarcastic
    Passage 8
    Our current system of unemployment compensation has increased nearly all
sources ofadult unemployment seasonal and cyclical variations in the demand for
labor, weak labor forceattachment, and unnecessarily long durations of
unemployment. First, for those who arealready unemployed, the system greatly
reduces the cost of extending the period ofunemployment. Second, for all types
of unsteady work – seasonal, cyclical and casual – itraises the net wage to the
employee, relative to the cost of the employer.
    As for the first, consider a worker who earns $500 per month or $6000 per
year if sheexperiences no employment. If she is unemployed for one month, she
loses $500 in grossearnings but only $116 in net income. How does this occur? A
reduction of $500 in annualearning reduces her federal, payroll and state tax
liability by $134. Unemploymentcompensation consists of 50 percent of her wage
or $250. Her net income therefore falls from$366 if is employed, to $250 paid as
unemployment compensation. Moreover, part of thehigher income from employment is
offset by the cost of transportation to work and otherexpenses associated with
employment; and in some industries, the cost of unemployment isreduced further
or even made negative by the supplementary unemployment benefits paidby
employers under collective bargaining agreements. The overall effect is to
increase theduration of a typical spell of unemployment and to increase the
frequency with whichindividuals lose jobs and become unemployed.
    The more general effect of unemployment compensation is to increase the
seasonal andcyclical fluctuations in the demand for labor and the relative
number of short-lived casual jobs.A worker who accepts such work knows she will
be laid off when the season ends. If there wereno unemployment compensation,
workers could be induced to accept such unstable jobsonly if the wage rate were
sufficiently higher in those jobs than in the more stable alternative.The higher
cost of labor, then would induce employers to reduce the instability of
employmentby smoothing production lags, by additional development of off-season
work and by theintroduction of new production techniques, e.g. new methods of
outdoor work in bad weather.
    Employers contribute to the state unemployment compensation fund on the
basis of theirown previous employers. Within limits, the more benefits that
those former employees draw,the higher is the employer’s tax rate. The theory of
experience rating is clear. If an employerpaid the full cost of the unemployment
benefits that his former employees received,unemployment compensation would
provide no incentive to an excess use of unstableunemployment. In practice,
however, experience rating is limited by a maximum rate ofemployer contribution.
For any firm which pays the maximum rate, there is no cost foradditional
unemployment and no gain from a small reduction in unemployment.
    The challenge at this time is to restructure the unemployment system in a
way thatstrengthens its good features while reducing the harmful distinctive
effects. Some gains can beachieved by removing the ceiling on the employer’s
rate of contribution and by lowering theminimum rate to zero. Employers would
then pay the full price of unemployment insurancebenefits were taxed in the same
way as other earnings. This would eliminate the anomaloussituations in which a
worker’s net income is actually reduced when he returns to work.
    26. The author’s primary concern is to _______
    (A) defend the system of unemployment compensation against criticism
    (B) advocate expanding the benefits and scope of coverage of
unemploymentcompensation
    (C) point to weakness inherent in government programs which subsidize
individuals
    (D) suggest reform to eliminate inefficiencies in unemployment
compensation
    27. The author cites the example of a worker earning $500 per month in
order to ______
    (A) show the disincentive created by unemployment compensation for that
worker to returnto work
    (B) demonstrate that the employers do not bear the full cost of worker
compensation
    (C) condemn workers who prefer to live on unemployment compensation to
taking a job
    (D) explain why employers prefer to hire seasonal workers instead of
permanent workers forshort-term jobs
    28. The author mentions all of the following as ways by which employers
might reduce seasonaland cyclical unemployment EXCEPT_______
    (A) developing new techniques of production not affected by weather
    (B) slowing delivery schedules to provide work during slow seasons
    (C) adopting a system of supplementary benefits for workers laid of in slow
periods
    (D) finding new jobs to be done by workers during the off-season.
    29. With which of the following statements about experience rating would
the author most likelyagree?
    (A) Experience rating is theoretically sound, but its effectiveness in
practice in undermined bymaximum contribution ceilings
    (B) Experience rating is an inefficient method of computing employer
contribution because anemployer has no control over the length of an employee’s
unemployment
    (C) Experience rating is theoretically invalid and should be replaced by a
system in which theemployee contributes the full amount of benefits he will
later receive.
    (D) Experience rating is basically fair, but its performance could be
improved by requiring largefirms to pay more than small firms.
    30. It can be inferred that the author regards the unemployment
compensation system is______
    (A) socially necessary
    (B)economically efficient
    (C) inherently wasteful
    (D)seriously outdated
    　　Passage 9
    In the past, evolutionary biologists contemplating the absence of wheels in
nature agreed thatthe explanation was not undesirability; wheels would be good
for animals, just as they are forus. Animals were prevented from evolving
wheels, the biologists reasoned, by the followingdilemma: Living cells in an
animal’s body are connected to the heart by blood vessels, and tothe brain by
nerves. Because a rotating joint is essential to a wheel, a wheel made of
livingcells would twist its artery, vein, and nerve connections at the first
revolution, making livingwheels impracticable.
    However, there is a flaw in the argument that the evolution of wheeled
animals was thwartedby the insoluble joint problem. The theory fails to explain
why animals have not evolvedwheels of dead tissue with no need for arteries and
nerves. Countless animals, including us,bear external structures without blood
supply or nerves – for example, our hair andfingernails, or the scales, claws,
and horns of other animals. Why have rats not evolved bonywheels, similar to
roller skates? Paws might be more useful than wheels in some situations,
butcat’s claws are retractable; why not retractable wheels? We thus arrive at
the serious biologicalparadox flippantly termed the RRR dilemma: nature’s
failure to produce rats with retractableroller skates.
    31. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
    (A) Evolutionary Biology: New Research Methods
    (B) How Do Living Joints Function?
    (C) Wheels for Animals: A Biological Possibility?
    (D) The Evolutionary History of The Wheel
    32. The passage discusses the evolution of animals in terms of their
______
    (A) genetic structures
    (B) reproductive cycles(C) anatomy
    (D) behavior
    33. The structural material of the wheels discussed in the passage in would
be similar to that of______
    (A) nerves(B) joints(C) arteries and veins(D) scales and horns
    34. The concept of retractable roller skates, mentioned in the last
sentence, would be bestexplained as ______
    (A) an evolutionary variation of claws
    (B) a complex structure of living tissue
    (C) an example of human intervention in natural development
    (D) a new discovery by evolutionists
                    

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　　Passage 10
    When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally
been completed, thereally challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty,
backbreaking, brawling business ofactually building the lines. The men who took
it on comprised the most cosmopolitan work crewin American history. They
included Civil War veterans and freed slaves, Irish and Germanimmigrants,
Mormons and atheists, Shoshonis, Paiutes, Washos, and Chinese.
    At the peak of their labors, the work crews laid two to five miles of track
a day. The men filledravines, ran spidery trestles across rivers and valleys,
and punched holes through mountains.And they did all these jobs largely by their
own muscle power.
    Flatcars carried rails to within half a mile of the railhead; there the
iron was loaded onto carts.An eyewitness described the procedure: “A light car,
drawn by a single horse, gallops up tothe front with its load rails. Two men
seize the end of a rail and start forward, the rest of thegang taking holding by
twos until it is clear of the car. They come forward at a run. At the wordof
command, the rail is dropped in its place, right side up. Less than thirty
seconds to a rail foreach gang, and so four rails to down to the minute.”
    35. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?
    (A) An Eyewitness Report
    (B)A Difficult Task
    (C) The Hiring Of a Construction Crew
    (D)The Railroad And The Civil War
    36. According to the passage, in addition to laying railroad track, the
work crew did which ofthe following?
    (A) Climbed over mountain peaks.
    (B)Planned railroads.
    (C) Caught horses
    (D)Made tunnels.
    37. In second paragraph, the word “they” refers to ______
    (A) men
    (B) valleys
    (C) mountains
    (D) jobs
    38. Which of the following phrases could be substituted for the phrased
“clear of” (in the thirdparagraph) without changing the meaning of the
sentence?
    (A) put through
    (B) visible to
    (C) away from
    (D) open to
    　　Passage 11
    With the show Rodeo, Agnes de Mille had been an innovator in the world of
ballet. But with theshow Oklahoma!, she revolutionized the Broadway stage –
brought to an end the dance lineroutine of high kicks and mechanized movement,
and gave in its place dance and plotsmoothly integrated, choreography
reinforcing the action. Twenty-five years later, in March, 1968, a New York
Times article by the theater critic Walter Kerr, headed “In the Beginning
WasOklahoma!”, stated, “Oklahoma! had a plot. It had to do with whether a boy
would succeed intaking emotional implications had to be danced out at great
length in what remains the mostexhilarating dancing … ever devised for the
United States musical comedy stage.”
    The impact of Oklahoma! was instantaneous. The song “Beautiful Morning”
sounded out viaradios, in restaurants, from cars passing on the highways, in
shoeshine parlors. Full skirts ofgingham patterns, street shoes made to look
like ballet slippers, the ponytail hairdo, were therage. The play ran for five
years and nine weeks in New York City. A traveling road companyplayed it for
nine and a half years. It also toured abroad for several years. In 1955 it
became amovie. A newly assembled all-star company was sent abroad by the State
Department asrepresentative of a part of United States culture.
    As for Agnes de Mille, her days of giving recitals and losing $300 to
$1,000 each time were over.She became the most sought-after choreographer on
Broadway.
    39. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
    (A) To explain the background of the song ““Beautiful Morning”
    (B) To compare Rodeo and Oklahoma!
    (C) To describe Agnes de Mille’s success with Oklahoma!
    (D) To discuss the fashions made popular by Oklahoma!
    40. The author cites Walter Kerr because he was ______
    (A) the composer of the music for Oklahoma!
    (B) a dancer who performed with Agnes de Mille
    (C) a critic who praised Agnes de Mille’s choreography
    (D) the owner of The New York Times
    41. In the second paragraph, the expression “were the rage” could best be
replaced by ______
    (A) created chaos
    (B)made people crazed
    (C) made people angry
    (D)were very popular
    42. According to the passage, Oklahoma! was selected by the State
Department to beperformed abroad because it was ______
    (A) considered rather revolutionary
    (B)representative of an aspect of American life
    (C) poorly received in New York City
    (D)an inspiring love story
    43. The passage implies that prior to Oklahoma! Agnes de Mille had given
recitals that were______
    (A) popular comedy routines
    (B)financially unsuccessful
    (C) performed at picnics
    (D)broadcast over the radio
    　　Passage 12
    Lichens are a unique group of complex, flowerless plants growing on rocks
and trees. Thereare thousands kinds of lichens, which come in a wide variety of
colors. They are composed ofalgae and fungi, which unite to satisfy the needs
the lichens.
    The autotrophic green algae produce all their own food through a process
calledphotosynthesis and provide the lichen with nutritional elements. On the
other hand, theheterotrophic fungus, which on other elements to provide its
food, not only absorbs andstores water for the plant, but also helps protect it.
This union by which two dissimilarorganisms live together is called
"symbiosis".
    This sharing enables lichens to resist the most adverse environmental
conditions found onearth. They can be found in some very unlikely places such as
polar ice caps as well as intropical zones, in dry areas as well in wet ones, on
mountain peaks and along coastal areas.
    The lichen's strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability
to live in harmonywith such environments is one example that humanity should
consider in trying solve theirown problems.
    44. Which of the following is NOT true?
    (A) Lichens are not simple plants
    (B) The lichen habitat is limited to the polar ice caps
    (C) Lichens can resist a hostile environment.
    (D) Heterotrophic plants depend on their elements to supply their food.
    45. What can be said about autotrophic plants and heterotrophic plants?
    (A) They produce their food in the same manner.
    (B) They produce their food in the same manner.
    (C) Autotrophic plants need other elements to supply their food.
    (D) Their methods of food production are completely different.
    46. What of the following conclusions could be made about lichens?
    (A) They are found worldwide and are complex plants made up of algae and
fungi.
    (B) They are found worldwide and are simple plants, symbiotic in
nature.
    (C) They are found worldwide and are compound plants made up entirely of
algae.
    (D) Although found worldwide, lichens are found mostly as a simple form in
the tropics.
    47. Which of the following directly relates to algae?
    (A) It offers protection to lichens.
    (B) It supplies water for lichens.
    (C) It supplies its own food.
    (D) It is depended on other plants for its food supply.
    Passage 13
    All that we really need to plot out the future of our Universe are a few
good measurements.This does not mean that we can sit down today and outline the
future course of the universewith anything like certainty. There are still too
many things we don't know about the way theUniverse is put together. We do know
exactly what information we need to fill in our knowledge,and we have a pretty
good idea of how to go about getting it.
    Perhaps the best way to think of our present situation is to imagine a
train coming into aswitchyard. All of the Switches are set before the train
arrives, so that its path is completelydetermined. Some Switches we can see,
others we can't. There is no ambiguity if We can seethe setting of a switch： we
can say with confidence that some possible futures will notmaterialize and
others will. At the unseen switches，however, there is no such certainty. Weknow
the train will take one of the tracks leading out, but we have no idea which
one. Theunseen switches are the true decision points in the future, and what
happens when we arriveat them determines the entire subsequent course of
events.
    When we think about the future of the universe, we can see our "track" many
bil1ions of yearsinto the future, but after that there are decision points to be
dealt with and possible fates toconsider. The goal science is to reduce the
ambiguity at the decision points and find the trueroad to be followed.
    48. According to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the
distant future of theuniverse because we _______
    (A) have too many conflicting theories
    (B) do not have enough funding to continue our research
    (C) are not sure how the universe is put together
    (D) have focused our investigations on the moon and planets
    49. What does the author comment on the function of the universe's unseen
"Switches"?
    (A) They tell us which one of the tracks the universe will use.
    (B) They enable us to alter the course of the universe
    (C) They give us information about the lunar surface.
    (D) They determine which course the universe will take in the future.
    50. In line 9, the word "track" could best be replaced by which of the
following?
    (A) band
    (B) rails
    (C) path
    (D) sequence
    51.For whom is the author probably writing this passage?
    (A) Train engineers
    (B) General audiences
    (C) Professors of statistics
    (D) Young children
    52. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of
the passage?
    (A) A statement illustrated by an analogy
    (B) A hypothesis supported by documentation
    (C) A comparison of two contrasting theories
    (D) A critical analysis of a common assumption
    　　Passage 14
    Trees have a spectacular survival record. Over a period of more than 400
million years, theyhave evolved as the tallest, most massive, and longest-lived
organisms ever to inhabit theEarth. Yet trees lack a means of defense that
almost every animal has: trees cannot moveaway from destructive forces. Because
they cannot move, all type of living and nonlivingenemies – fire, storms,
microorganisms, insects, other animals and, later, humans – havewounded them
throughout their history. Trees have survived because their evolution havemade
them into highly compartmented organisms: that is, they wall off injured and
infectedwood.
    In that respect trees are radically different from animals. Fundamentally,
animals heal: theypreserve their life by making billions of repairs, installing
new cells or rejuvenated cells in thepositions of old ones. Trees cannot heal;
they make no repairs. Instead, they defendthemselves from the consequences of
injury and infection by walling off the damage. At hesame time, they put new
cells in new positions; in effect, they grow a new tree over the old oneevery
year. The most obvious results of the process are the growth rings, which are
visible onthe cross section of a trunk, a root, or a branch.
    53. The author’s main purpose in this article is to explain the _____
    (A) life cycle of a tree
    (B) way trees survive
    (C) importance of trees to human progress
    (D) dangers trees face from natural disasters
    54. The author describes trees as all of the following EXCEPT _____
    (A) tall
    (B) green(C) massive
    (D) long-lived
    55. The author implies that almost every animal is able to protect itself
from destructive forcesby doing which of the following?
    (A) Moving away
    (B) Calling for help
    (C) Climbing up a tree
    (D) Remaining with its group
    55. In line 5, the word “they” refers to _____
    (A) enemies
    (B) animals
    (C) Humans
    (D) trees
    Passage 15
    Beavers, North America's largest rodents, appear to lead such exemplary
lives that atrapper once rather romantically observed that "beavers follow close
to the line of the TenCommandments. " The Ten Commandments do not mention
anything about building dams,lodges, and canals, however, and the beaver's
penchant for doing so has got it into a lot ofhot water lately. Fishing
enthusiasts in the Midwest and New England are complaining aboutbeaver dams that
spoil streams for trout and, in the Southeast, lumber companies objectwhenever
the animals flood out valuable stands of commercial timber. But some
beaverexperts champion a more charitable view. Historically, they say, this
creature's impact on theenvironment has been tremendously significant, and its
potential as a practical conservationresource is receiving more and more
attention.
    When it comes to modifying the landscape in a major way, the beaver ranks
second only tohumans among all living creatures. "Some people think of the
beaver the same way they thinkof the gypsy moth," said one scientist. "They
think it just comes through and eats anddestroys. What they don't understand is
the fact that for centuries this animal has controlledthe character of the
forests and streams that it occupies. "
    57. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
    (A) The Controversy over Beavers and the environment
    (B) New England's Beaver Population
    (C) The Influence of Beavers on the Fishing Industry
    (D) Beavers and the Ten Commandments
    58. In lines 4-5, the author refers to "hot water" to indicate that
beavers_______
    (A) are able to cook their food
    (B) are in trouble
    (C) have a form of plumbing
    (D) enjoy hot baths
    59. From the passage, which of the following can be inferred about gypsy
moths?
    (A) They conserve resources
    (B) They build small dams
    (C) They have a bad reputation
    (D) They eat fish
    60. According to the passage, lumber companies complain because beavers
_______
    (A) attract other large rodents
    (B) ruin trout streams
    (C) destroy too many buildings
    (D) create floods in forests
    61. According to the passage, which of the following cause the greatest
changes in theenvironment?
    (A) Humans
    (B) Trout
    (C) Gypsy moths
    (D) Beavers
    62. In the final line, what does "it" refer to?
    (A) A fact
    (B) A century
    (C) An animal
    (D) A character
    　　Passage 16
    Eight varsity baseball players (G, H, J, K, L, M, N, O) are to be honored
at a special ceremony.Three of these players (H, M, and O) are also varsity
football players. Two of them (K and N) arealso basketball players on the
varsity team. In arranging the seats it was decided that athletesin two sports
should not be seated next to another two-sport athlete.
    63. Which of the following combinations is possible in order to have the
arrangement of seatassignments as planned?
    (A) HGKJ
    (B) HKJL
    (C) JKMN
    (D) JLHK
    64. To have the proper seating arrangement, K should sit between _____
    (A) G and H
    (B) J and M
    (C) L and N
    (D) J and L
    65. Which of the following cannot sit next to M?
    (A) G
    (B) J
    (C) G and J
    (D) K
    66. Before all athletes are seated there are two vacant seats on either
side of N. Which twoathletes may occupy there seats?
    (A) G and K
    (B) G and L
    (C) J and H
    (D) L and O
    　　Passage 17
    Tom wishes to enroll in Latin AA, Sanskrit A, Armenian Literature 221, and
Celtic Literature 701.
    Latin AA meets five days a week, either from 9 to 11 a.m. or from 2 to 4
p.m.
    Sanskrit A meets either Tuesday and Thursday from 12 noon to 3 p.m., or
Monday,Wednesday, and Friday from 10 a.m. to 12 noon.
    Armenian Literature 221 meets either Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from
12:30 to 2 p.m., orTuesday and Thursday from 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.
    Celtic Literature 701 meets by arrangement with the instructor, the only
requirement beingthat it meet for one four-hour session or two two-hour sessions
per week, between 9 a.m. and4 p.m. from Monday to Friday, beginning on the
hour.
    67. Which combination is impossible for Tom?
    (A) Latin in the morning, Sanskrit on Tuesday and Thursday, and Armenian
Literature onMonday, Wednesday, and Friday.
    (B) Latin in the afternoon and Sanskrit and Armenian Literature on Monday,
Wednesday, andFriday.
    (C) Latin in the afternoon, Sanskrit on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and
ArmenianLiterature on Tuesday and Thursday.
    (D) Latin in the morning and Sanskrit and Armenian Literature on Monday,
Wednesday, andFriday.
    68. Which gives the greatest number of alternatives for scheduling Celtic
Literature, assumingthat all other courses are scheduled without conflicts?
    (A) Latin in the afternoon and Armenian Literature on Monday, Wednesday,
and Friday.
    (B) Sanskrit on Tuesday and Thursday, and Armenian Literature on Monday,
Wednesday, andFriday.
    (C) Latin in the afternoon and Armenian Literature on Tuesday and
Thursday.
    (D) Latin in the morning and Sanskrit on Tuesday and Thursday
    69. If the Celtic instructor insists on holding at least one session on
Friday, in which of thefollowing can Tom enroll?
    I. Armenian Literature on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
    II. Sanskrit on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
    (A) I only
    (B) II only
    (C) Both I and II
    (D) I or II but not both
    70. Which of the following additional courses, meeting as indicated, can
Tom take?
    (A) Old Church Slavonic-- Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 10 a.m. to 12
noon
    (B) Intermediated Aramaic-- Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 11 a.m. to
12:30 p.m.
    (C) Introductory Acadian-- Tuesday and Thursday from 2 to 4 p.m.
    (D) Fundamentals of Basque-- Tuesday and Thursday from 1 to 3 p.m.
    Part Two Linguistics 30 points (Write down your answers to the questions in
this partof the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test
center.)
    1. Describe the ways in which changes in lexicon are made. 10 points
    2. What are the major design features of language? 5 points
    3.What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels? 5
points
    4. What is the relationship between linguistics and foreign language
teaching? 10 points
    Part Three Literature 50 points (Write down your answers to the questions
in this partof the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test
center.)
    1.Write down the names of the authors of the following literary works: (8
points)
    a.Pardoner’s Tale
    b.Lords of the Flies
    c.The Rainbow
    d.Essay on Criticism
    e.The Naked and the Dead
    f. Ambassador
    g.Lolita
    h.The Sun Also Rises
    2.Explain TWO of the following literary terms: (in about 50 words for each)
(8 points)
    A. modernism
    B. imagism
    C. black humor
    D. New Criticism;
    E. naturalism
    3.Answer ONE of the following questions on British Literature (in no less
than 100words) (8 points):
    A. Tell the names of the 5 major British romantic poets. Whom do you like
best? Explain why.
    B. Make a comparison between Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens in their
descriptions ofEngland.
    4.Answer ONE of the following questions on American Literature (in no less
than 100words) (8 points):
    A. Discuss the differences in themes between Walt Whitman and Emily
Dickinson.
    B. What changes have taken place in American literature since the Second
World War? Make acomparison between the 30 years before and after the Second
World War.
    5.Describe and make a comment on TWO of the following characters (in about
50words for each) (8 points)
    A. Huckleberry Finn
    B. Augie March
    C. Rebecca Sharp
    D. Macbeth
    E. Hester Prynne
    6. Read the following poem and write a short essay based on the following
questions(in no less than 120 words) (10 points):
    Sonnets from the Portuguese XIV
    If thou must love me, let it be for nought
    Except for love's sake only. Do not say
    "I love her for her smile-- her look-- her way
    Of speaking gently,-- for a trick of thought
    That falls in well with mine, and certes﹡ brought
    A sense of pleasant ease on such a day"--
    For these things in themselves, Belovèd, may
    Be changed, or change for thee,-- and love, so wrought,
    May be unwrought so. Neither love me for
    Thine own dear pity's wiping my cheeks dry,--
    A creature might forget to weep, who bore
    Thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby!
    But love me for love's sake, that evermore
    Thou may'st love on, through love's eternity.
    Note:
    Questions:
    A. What is the poet’s concept of love?
    B.Is the poet’s concept of love realistic? What do you think of it in
modern society?