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2016年考研英语基础语法:非谓语动词(4)

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发表于 2017-8-6 16:06:01 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
语法是考研英语的基础,不论是阅读、翻译还是完型写作,掌握基础语法尤为必要。2016年考研英语复习之初,大家要稳抓单词和语法两大基础。下面新东方在线就带着大家来巩固和熟悉一下基础语法知识。
    2016年考研英语基础语法:非谓语动词(4)
   
   
    (六)作状语。不定式短语作状语,表示目的、原因、结果等。位置一般在句尾或句首。
    (1)表示目的。如:
    We waved flags, beat drums and blew bugles to encourage the players.
我们摇旗擂鼓吹号,来鼓励运动员。
    They went to the U.S.A. not to study English but to study law and business.
他们去了美国,不是为了学英语,而是为了学法律和商务。
    为了强调,有时用in order to (为了)或so as to (以便)加动词原形,放在句首或句尾均可。例如;
    In order to improve my English, I read China Daily every day.
为了提高英语水平,我每天都看《中国日报》。
    He took a taxi so as not to miss the train. 为了不误火车,他坐了出租车。
    有些不定式习惯用语放在句首或句尾,作独立成分。例如:
    To be frank(with you), this is not satisfactory. 老实(和你)说,这不令人满意。
    To be fair, she is an honest girl. 说句公道话,她是一个诚实的姑娘。
    To tell you the truth, you are wrong.. 实话告诉你,你错了。
    这样的短语还有to tell you the truth实话告诉你,to conclude 最后, to begin with首先,to cut a
long story short 简而言之,to go back to the point回到正题,not to make too much of it
别小题大做,to put it another way 换句话说,to hear him talk听他说话的口气,等等。
    (2)表示原因。例如:
    To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner.
他这样说话,你会以为他是外国人。The old father smiled to know his success. 知道他成功的消息,那位老父亲笑了。
    不定式短语可以和表示情绪的形容词和过去分词连用,有时说明产生这种情绪的原因,有时不是说明原因,而是和形容词一起说明主语的情况。
    常见的这类形容词和过去分词有:
    able有能力的,afraid 害怕的,amazed 感到惊异的,angry生气的,anxious 急于的,astonished 感到惊讶的,
careful小心的, certain有把握的,clever聪明的, comfortable舒服的,cruel残忍的,deep深的,delighted 高兴的,
difficult有困难的, disappointed感到失望的,determined 有决心的,eager 急于的, easy容易的,fit
合适的,foolish 愚蠢的,fortunate 幸运的, free自由的,frightened感到害怕的,glad高兴的,good好的,
happy幸福的,hard艰苦的,lucky 幸运的,overjoyed 高兴的, pleased高兴的,possible 可能的,proud
自豪的,ready 准备好的,relieved 感到轻松的,right正确的,sad悲伤的,shocked感到惊讶的, sorry难过的,sure 肯定的,
surprised感到惊讶的, unable没能力的,useless没用的,willing 愿意的,worthy 值得的,wrong 错误的等。
    例如:
    He’ll be angry to hear these words. 听到这些话他会生气的。
    You’re lucky to have me as your teacher.  有我当你们老师,你们很幸运。
    He feels proud to be on the school football team.  作为校足球队队员他感到很自豪。
    Be careful not to catch cold. 小心别感冒。
    He’s anxious to go back straight to London. 他急于直接回伦敦。
    They’ll be ready to leave in about an hour.  再有大约一小时他们就准备好了。
    The new manager is easy to get along with . 新经理很容易相处。
    This river is broad, deep and good tom in.   这条河宽且深,是游泳的好地方。
    Your sofa is comfortable to sit in.  你的沙发坐上去很舒服。
    (3)不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词:learn得知,find 发现,see 看见,hear 听见, to be told被告知,make 使得
等。only+不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如:
    He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already taken off.
他急忙赶到机场,却得知飞机已经起飞了。
    He returned home from his holiday only to find that his house had been
broken into. 他休假回家,却发现他的房子被破门而入了。
    (4) 不定式还可以与“be said, be reported,…”等连用构成复合谓语。这一结构可变成“It’s said, It’s
reported,…”(见被动语态部分)。如:
    An explosion is reported to have happened, and three are known to have been
killed.
    = It’s reported that an explosion has happened and it’s known that three
have been killed.
    据报道发生了一起爆炸,已知三人被炸死。
    (七)不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式,即一般式、进行式和完成式。
    (1) 一般式(to+动词原形):表示与主句谓语动词动作同时(或几乎同时)发生或在主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如:
    We’re happy to have you on our side. 有你在我们这边我们很高兴。
    I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。( 不定式go out 与 see同时发生。)
    They invited me to have dinner with them.  他们邀请我和他们一起吃晚饭。
    I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你(to see发生在hope之后)
    (2) 进行式(to be+现在分词):表示主句谓语的动作发生时,不定式动作正在进行。例如:
    She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 据说/据信她就住在附近。
    When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed. 他进来时,我碰巧正在床上睡觉。
    They seem/appear to be enjoying themselves. 看上去他们似乎很快活。
    He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s sound.
他听见父亲的声音,假装正在做作业。
    The president was reported to be visiting the hospital. 据报道总统正在访问那家医院。
    (3)完成式(to have+过去分词):表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。
    如:I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。(已见过)
    I’m sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long.
我很抱歉让他等了我这样久。(已经等过了)(八)不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种:
    一般式:to be+过去分词
    完成式:to have been+过去分词
    例如:
    You’re lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸运已经被接受了。
    These criminals are to be hanged .  这些罪犯是将被绞死的。
    We’re glad to have been invited.   受到邀请我们很高兴。
    What’s to be done next? 下一步做什么?
    It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.   我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。
    (八)为了避免重复,不定式可省略,但to有时保留,有时不保留。
    例如:
    You will make it if you try (to). 如果你努力,你会成功的。
    George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really
wants to. George 说要离开上海,但是我不认为他真的愿意走。
    Some of them retired, and others were ready to. 一些人退休了,还有的准备退。
    He always speaks faster than he needs to. 他说话总是没必要的快。
    I’d like to do it now, but I haven’t got the time (to).  我倒是想现在干,但没时间。
    “Would you go there with me?” “I’m glad to.” “你愿意和我一起去吗?”“愿意。”
    “Did you pass the exam?” “No, I tried (to), but I failed.”
“你考试及格了吗?”“没有,我努力了,但没成功。
    “Do you want to sing them an English song?” “I prefer not to.”
“你愿意为他们唱首英文歌吗?”“我不想唱。”
    You’d better sing an English song if they ask you (to)
again.如果他们再要求你,你最后唱一首英文歌。
    后面常省略不定式而保留to的结构,还有:
    used to   常常 be going to 打算
    mean to  打算 ought to   应该
    plan to 计划 want to     要想
    (九)两个不定式由and, or, except, but, than 连接时,第二个可省略to,尤其是两个不定式紧密相连时。
    例如:
    I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.
我打算去拜访他并和他谈谈这个问题。
    I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. 我想躺下睡觉。
    You’re free to talk or laugh here. 在这里你可以随便说笑。
    I’m anxious to go and ask him about it. 我急于去问问他这个事。
    Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?   你想现在吃午饭还是再等会儿?
    We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinema.
我们无事可做,只有看看电影院外面的招贴。
    He had nothing to do except talk nonsense.   除了胡说八道,他没别的事干。
    I would rather die than be insulted. 我宁死也不受侮辱。
    B、动名词
    动名词可以起名词的作用,在句子中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语,构成动名词短语。
动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。
    (一)做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时,谓语用复数形式。
    例如:
    Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。
    Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things.
出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。
    It seems that reading English is easier than speaking it.似乎读英语比说英语容易。
    My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps .  我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。
    在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not)
worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance
等习惯表达中,It为形式主语,而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如:
    It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。
    Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents?    为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗?
    It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。
    It is of great importance fighting against pollution.  制止污染有重要意义。
    It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here
early. 给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。
    It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up. 吸烟没好处,你最好戒掉。
    (二)动名词短语作宾语。
    常用的能接动名词的动词有:admit承认,appreciate 感激,avoid 避免,advise 建议,can’t help
不禁,celebrate 庆祝,consider 考虑,complete 完成, contemplate沉思、打算,defer推迟,delay 延期,deny
否认,detest 痛恨,discontinue 停止, dislike不喜欢,dispute不同意,endure 忍耐,enjoy 喜欢,
escape逃脱,excuse 原谅, fancy想象,feel like 想要, finish结束, 严禁,forgive 原谅,hinder
阻碍,imagine想象,keep 保持,mention 提到,mind 在意,miss 错过,pardon 饶恕、原谅,permit允许,postpone
推迟,practise 实践、练习,prevent 阻止, recall 回忆, report报告,resent 怨恨,
resist抵制、阻止,risk冒险,stop 停止,suggest 建议,understand 明白、理解,等等。
    例如:
    He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案。
    David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt.
 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车抵债。
    (我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to
pay the debt. )
    I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
    下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语:
    abhor憎恶,attempt 试图,begin 开始,cannot bear 无法忍受,cannot
stand无法忍受,cease停止,continue,继续,,decline
拒绝,deserve值得,disdain蔑视,dread害怕,endure忍耐,forget忘记,hate 痛恨,intend打算,learn学,like
喜欢,loathe厌恶,love喜欢,mean意思是、意味着,need需要,neglect疏忽,omit省略,忽略,plan计划,prefer更喜欢,propose建议,regret后悔,remember记得,require需要,scorn蔑视、瞧不起,start开始,try尝试,努力,entail必须,involve涉及,necessitate使成为必要,等。以上多数动词用不定式或用动名词作宾语意思一样,个别不同。
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