2016考研英语阅读理解模拟题训练(4)

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    2016考研英语阅读理解模拟题训练(4)
    When Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn't
expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical
trials， in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them，
this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a
normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To
find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had
Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost
immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her
lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more
tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office
for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting
human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had
to stop.
    The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation's premier medical
institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the
Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding
human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed
studies are overburdened， understaffed and shot through with conflicts of
interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to
be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt
or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in
the tens of thousands are not reported，” says Adil Shamoo， a member of the
National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the
University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP， has called the clinical-trials
system “dysfunctional.”
    The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a
three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists
failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity，
even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in
textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias
used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges，
never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The
consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved
by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about
possible lung toxicity.
    Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to
protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still， the
university——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it
the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething.
“Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward
Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those
years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but
[suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of
its experiments “unwarranted， unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is
letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The
rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its
system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a
government spokesman， depends on Hopkins.
    注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 7/30/2001， p36;
    注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2005年真题Text 1;
    1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
    [A]explaining a phenomenon
    [B]justifying an assumption
    [C]stating an incident
    [D]making a comparison
    2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of
devastating.”(Line
    1， Paragraph 3) implies that
    [A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.
    [B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.
    [C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.
    [D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.
    3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that
_______.
    [A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up
    [B]the review board has neglected their duty
    [C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers
    [D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked
    4. The OHRP has found that
    [A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.
    [B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.
    [C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.
    [D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding
system.
    5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
    [A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.
    [B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP
    [C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.
    [D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.
    答案：CBACB