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每年考研英语阅读篇章很多都取材于经济学人，因此2016年考研复习之初，一定要从基础打好，稳扎稳打。新东方在线分享《经济学人》文章，希望大家能够多看、多练，提升阅读能力！
2016考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章：
Urban land
城市土地
Space and the city
空间和都市
Poor land use in the world's greatest cities carries ahuge cost
糟糕的土地利用方式已经成为世界大都市不能承受之重
BUY land, advised Mark Twain; they're not making itany more. In fact, land
is not really scarce: the entire population of America could fit intoTexas with
more than an acre for each household to enjoy. What drives prices skyward is
acollision between rampant demand and limited supply in the great metropolises
like London,Mumbai and New York. In the past ten years real prices in Hong Kong
have risen by 150%.Residential property in Mayfair, in central London, can go
for as much as 55,000 (82,000) persquare metre. A square mile of Manhattan
residential property costs 16.5 billion.
马克吐温曾建议说“都去买地吧”，但现在他们已经不这么做了。事实上，土地并非真的如此稀缺：仅一个德克萨斯州就能容纳整个美国人口，而且每户能有一英亩之多。在伦敦、孟买、纽约这种大都市里，地价飞涨的现实是疯狂的需求和有限的供给共同作用的结果。在过去10年里，香港的房地产价格上涨了150%。伦敦中心的梅菲尔区的住宅价格能飙至55000英镑每平米(相当于82000美元)。曼哈顿，一平方英里的的住宅价格为165亿美元。
Even in these great cities the scarcity is artificial. Regulatory limits on
the height and densityof buildings constrain supply and inflate prices. A recent
analysis by academics at theLondon School of Economics estimates that land-use
regulations in the West End of Londoninflate the price of office space by about
800%; in Milan and Paris the rules push up prices byaround 300%. Most of the
enormous value captured by landowners exists because it is well-nigh impossible
to build new offices to compete those profits away.
即便是在这样的城市里，稀缺性也是人为造成的。从法律层面上对建筑的高度和密度进行限制，降低了供给，也助推了房价。伦敦经济学院的一项最新学术分析表明，土地使用管理条例令伦敦西区办公用房的价格上涨了800%，令米兰和巴黎的上涨了约300%。巨额资产掌握在现有的土地所有者手中，因为在这里建新办公楼引入竞争、分享收益，是几乎不可能的事。
The costs of this misfiring property market are huge, mainly because of
their effects onindividuals. High housing prices force workers towards cheaper
but less productive places.According to one study, employment in the Bay Area
around San Francisco would be about fivetimes larger than it is but for tight
limits on construction. Tot up these costs in lost earningsand unrealised human
potential, and the figures become dizzying. Lifting all the barriers tourban
growth in America could raise the country's GDP by between 6.5% and 13.5%, or
byabout 1 trillion-2 trillion. It is difficult to think of many other policies
that would yield anythinglike that.
一潭死水的房地产市场所带来的社会成本是巨大的，因为它影响了这里的每个人。高昂的房价迫使务工者搬到更便宜但生产力更低下的地方。根据一项研究结果显示，如果不是因为对建筑业的严格限制，旧金山湾区的就业应该比现在多五倍;再加上损失的收入和未能实现的人的潜力，这个数字能把你吓晕。如果能扫清美国境内所有限制城市增长的阻碍因素，那么国家GDP将会增加6.5%~13.5%，即10亿~20亿美元。这是任何其他政策都难以产生的巨大影响。
Metro stops
停滞的都市
Two long-run trends have led to this fractured market. One is the revival
of the city as thecentral cog in the global economic machine. In the 20th
century, tumbling transport costsweakened the gravitational pull of the city; in
the 21st, the digital revolution has restored it.Knowledge-intensive industries
such as technology and finance thrive on the clustering ofworkers who share
ideas and expertise. The economies and populations of metropolises likeLondon,
New York and San Francisco have rebounded as a result.
两个长期趋势致使房产市场变得如此令人抓狂。其一是，城市的复兴成为了全球经济运转中必不可少的中心环节。在20世纪，糟糕的交通削弱了城市的吸引力;到了21世纪，数字革命修复了这一缺陷。像科技、金融这种知识密集型产业只有在人们能互相交流思想和专业技能的地方才能繁荣兴旺。伦敦、纽约和旧金山这样的大城市，其经济和人口之所以能复苏，正是得益于此。
What those cities have not regained is their historical ability to stretch
in order toaccommodate all those who want to come. There is a good reason for
that: unconstrainedurban growth in the late 19th century fostered crime and
disease. Hence the second trend, theproliferation of green belts and rules on
zoning. Over the course of the past century land-userules have piled up so
plentifully that getting planning permission is harder than hailing a cabon a
wet afternoon. London has strict rules preventing new structures blocking
certain viewsof St Paul's Cathedral. Google's plans to build housing on its
Mountain View campus in SiliconValley are being resisted on the ground that
residents might keep pets, which could harm thelocal owl population. Nimbyish
residents of low-density districts can exploit planning rules oneverything from
light levels to parking spaces to block plans for construction.
然而，这些城市失去了一项它们曾经有过的能力：扩张以容纳所有想要移居进来的人们。一个不错的理由就是：19世纪晚期无限制的城市扩张成为了犯罪和疾病的温床。那么第二个趋势就显而易见了：城市绿化带的泛滥和分区管制。纵观整个上世纪，政府出台了数不清的土地使用法规，以至于获取一个规划许可比在雨天的下午打出租还要困难。伦敦严格控制新建任何构筑物，以防止圣保罗大教堂的景观被破坏。Google计划在其所有的山景城园区建造房屋，却以“居民可能会养宠物、并且这会令当地猫头鹰的数量减少”为理由遭到拒绝。低密度社区Nimbyish的居民可以拿规划法规做挡箭牌为所欲为，从要求亮度水平到停车空间再到阻止一切建设。
A good thing, too, say many. The roads and rails criss-crossing big cities
already creak underthe pressure of growing populations. Dampening property
prices hurts one of the few routesto wealth-accumulation still available to the
middle classes. A cautious approach todevelopment is the surest way to preserve
public spaces and a city's heritage: give economiststheir way, and they would
quickly pave over Central Park.
很多人认为，这样也不错啊。日益增长的人口已经令大城市的道路和十字交叉口不堪重负。被抑制的房地产价格虽然令一部分人的财富积累受到损失，但对于中产阶级来说仍然是可以承受的。发展一定要慎重，要百分之百确保公共空间和保护城市遗产：如果把决策权交给经济学家，他们一定会以迅雷不及掩耳之势把中央公园铺成水泥大道。
However well these arguments go down in local planning meetings, they wilt
on closer scrutiny.Home ownership is not especially egalitarian. Many households
are priced out of more vibrantplaces. It is no coincidence that the
home-ownership rate in the metropolitan area ofdowntrodden Detroit, at 71%, is
well above the 55% in booming San Francisco. You do notneed to build a forest of
skyscrapers for a lot more people to make their home in big cities. SanFrancisco
could squeeze in twice as many and remain half as dense as Manhattan.
然而，这些理由经不起本地规划会议的仔细斟酌。房屋所有权不是人人均等的。很多家庭被高房价挡在充满活力的地区之外。都市区的房屋所有权比例在日渐式微的底特律都达到71%，这一数字比日益兴旺的旧金山的55%要高得多，这可不是巧合。你不需要建造一片摩天大楼的森林来容纳越来越多在大城市安家的人们。旧金山的面积即便折叠两次，其人口密度也才只有曼哈顿的一半。
Property wrongs
歧路上的房地产
Zoning codes were conceived as a way to balance the social good of a
growing, productivecity and the private costs that growth sometimes imposes. But
land-use rules have evolved intosomething more pernicious: a mechanism through
which landowners are handed bothunwarranted windfalls and the means to prevent
others from exercising control over theirproperty. Even small steps to restore a
healthier balance between private and public goodwould yield handsome returns.
Policymakers should focus on two things.
为了平衡不断增长且生产力强的城市中的社会利益与增长所附加的私人成本，人们想到了分区规范这个办法。但是，土地使用法规已经演变成了一个极为有害的机制：土地所有者一方面能躺着吃天上掉下来的馅饼，一方面还能光明正大地阻止任何人染指他们的不动产。现在即使能在健康地平衡公私利益方面迈出一小步，都将获得相当可观的回报。政治决策者应该把精力放在两方面。
First, they should ensure that city-planning decisions are made from the
top down. Whendecisions are taken at local level, land-use rules tend to be
stricter. Individual districts receivefewer of the benefits of a larger
metropolitan population (jobs and taxes) than their costs(blocked views and
congested streets). Moving housing-supply decisions to city level shouldmean
that due weight is put on the benefits of growth. Any restrictions on building
won by onedistrict should be offset by increases elsewhere, so the city as a
whole keeps to itsdevelopment budget.
第一，他们应该确保涉及城市规划的决策是自上而下制定的。当决策权在本地政府手中时，通常对土地使用的限制会更加严格。就单个街区而言，大量都市人口是弊(受阻碍的视野和拥挤的街道)大於利(就业和税收)。而将住房供应量的决定权交给城市政府，则更能全面地考虑城市发展所带来的好处。如果一个街区对建设作出限制，就要以另一个街区增加建设作为补偿，因此城市作为一个整体就可以确保其应有的开发预算。
Second, governments should impose higher taxes on the value of land. In
most rich countries,land-value taxes account for a small share of total
revenues. Land taxes are efficient. They aredifficult to dodge; you cannot stuff
land into a bank-vault in Luxembourg. Whereas a high taxon property can
discourage investment, a high tax on land creates an incentive to developunused
sites. Land-value taxes can also help cater for newcomers. New infrastructure
raisesthe value of nearby land, automatically feeding through into
revenues—which helps to pay forthe improvements.
其次，政府应该对地价征收重税。在大部分发达国家，地价税只占总收入中很小的一部分。地税是很有效的手段，因为你很难像藏钱一样把土地塞进卢森堡的银行保险柜里以逃避纳税。对不动产课重税会影响投资，而对土地课重税则会刺激人们开发尚未被使用的土地。地价税也有利于新来的居民。新建的基础设施能够增加附近土地的价值，然后自动转变成收入——反过来能补偿基建翻新的费用。
Neither better zoning nor land taxes are easy to impose. There are
logistical hurdles, such asassessing the value of land with the property
stripped out. The politics is harder still. Butpolitically tricky problems are
ten-a-penny. Few offer the people who solve them a trillion-dollarreward.
鉴于还有很多前期困难亟待解决，想要实施更好地分区规划或开始征收地税并不是件容易的事，比如如何刨除土地上面的房产而单独计算地价。政治方面也是个问题，但这些困难都不值一提，因为这些问题一旦解决，将会带来难以计数的丰厚回报。
1.fit into 适合
例句:Lifestyle activities may be easier to fit into yourday. Think about ways
you can increase your physicalactivity throughout the day.
生活中的运动可以更容易融入你的日常生活，仔细想想每一天中有那些方法是可以增加你的身体动力的。
2.push up 推上去，增高，提高;顶
例句:Higher commodity prices will also push up producer prices.
大宗商品价格上涨也会推高生产者价格。
3.lead to 通向;导致
例句:Will these purchases lead to much higher inflation?
这些购买会导致更高水平的通胀吗?
4.in order to 以便,为了
例句:One must believe in order to acquire understanding.
一个人为了能够获得理解就必须相信。 |
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发表于 2017-8-6 16:04:57