2016考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章：美国国内形势

考研网

每年考研英语阅读篇章很多都取材于经济学人，因此2016年考研复习之初，一定要从基础打好，稳扎稳打。新东方在线分享《经济学人》文章，希望大家能够多看、多练，提升阅读能力！
    2016考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章：美国国内形势
    The state of the states
    美国国内形势
    Republicans in charge
    共和党掌权
    The GOP has more clout in the states than at anytime since the 1920s
    自20世纪20年代以来，老大党在美国有更大的权势。
    ON ELECTION nights, the results for state legislatures get short shrift.
Americans want to knowwho won the presidency or which party controls Congress,
not whether the Kentucky stateSenate turned red. But those not paying attention
to recent down-ballot results have missedsomething big. Republicans now dominate
government at the state level (see map). Bolsteredby victories in last year's
mid-term elections, they hold 31 state governorships, to theDemocrats' 18.
(Alaska's governor, Bill Walker, is an independent, although he was aRepublican
until 2013.)
    在选举之夜，对于州立法机关来说，选举结果遇冷。美国民众想知道谁赢得了总统一职，哪一个党派掌控国会，而不是肯塔基州参议院“变成红色”。然而，无视近期的投票结果就已经错过了一些重大事情。共和党现在站在国家级别的高度，控制政府(见地图)。自去年中期大选获胜，共和党已经握有31个州长，而民主党只有18个(尽管阿拉斯加州长比尔·沃克在2013年以前是共和党，但现在他是独立派)。
    Republicans now control both chambers in 30 state legislatures, while the
Democrats control11 and eight are split. In 24 states Republican power is
unchecked—meaning they control thelegislature and the governorship. The party
has not had this much clout in the states sincethe 1920s.
    如今，共和党控制了两院30个州立法机关，相比而言，民主党则控制了11个，8个处于分裂状态。其中在24个州，共和党的权利未加抑制—这意味着他们控制了立法机关和州长。自20世纪20年代以来，共和党从未具有如此大的影响力。
    When a clutch of new Republican governors took office four years ago, they
acted on theirconservative impulses, cutting taxes, trimming welfare and
restricting abortion. Scott Walkerof Wisconsin became a Republican hero for
taking on the public-sector unions: he made stateemployees chip in more for
their pensions, ended the automatic deduction of union dues fromtheir wages and
barred unions from collective bargaining over issues other than pay. The taxcuts
of Sam Brownback, the governor of Kansas, were so bold as to earn an
unwieldynickname: Brownbackonomics. Both Mr Walker and Mr Brownback won
re-election last year,while Republicans nabbed governorships in Democratic
states like Illinois, Maryland andMassachusetts. But the tide of conservative
legislation may be ebbing. With many statesfacing big fiscal challenges,
Republican governors have adopted a more moderate tone whenlaying out their
agendas for 2015.
    四年前，新的共和党州长走马上任，沿用保守态度，实施削减税收、福利项目，限制堕胎。威斯康星州的斯科特·沃克因承接公共部门的公会而成为共和党英雄：工薪阶层投入更多到他们的养老金里，结束了公会自动扣除其工资的模式，禁止除了薪酬问题以外的劳资谈判。堪萨斯州州长萨姆·布朗巴克的减税措施如此大胆，因而获得了一个“雅名”：布朗巴克经济学。沃克先生和布朗巴克先生均在去年的选举中获胜，但共和党却在民主党握有的州(比如伊利诺斯州、马里兰、马萨诸塞等)中觅得州长一职。然而，保守立法的浪潮渐渐褪去。因许多国家面临巨大的财务危机，共和党州长在提出2015年议程时采取了一种更为温和的语调。
    Take Mr Walker, who has described a proposal to make Wisconsin a
“right-to-work” state—ie,to ban deals that make it compulsory for workers at a
private company to join a union—as a“distraction”. Faced with a $2.2 billion
budget gap over the next two years, the governor haslargely abandoned talk of
cutting taxes. Republicans hold large majorities in both legislativechambers,
but they support such fiscal prudence.
    沃克先生已经提议，把威斯康星州建成一个“有权工作”的州，即禁止私企员工义务加入工会;此举被视为“干扰”。未来两年，州长面临22亿美元的鸿沟预算，现几乎放弃了削减税收。虽然共和党议员在两院立法机构有多数优势，但是他们却支持这样的财政审慎。
    Presidential ambitions may be tempering Mr Walker's conservative zeal, but
other Republicangovernors are following suit. In Arizona, which also faces a
budget shortfall, Doug Ducey hasscaled back his campaign promise to cut income
taxes. Gary Herbert of Utah has toldlawmakers to consider raising petrol or
sales taxes to pay for highway repairs. Illinois finds itselfin the deepest hole
of any state, so Bruce Rauner has warned his constituents that they will allneed
to sacrifice.
    沃克先生的保守激情对其控制当总统额野心稍有帮助，但是其他共和党州长纷纷仿效。美国亚利桑那州同样面对预算差额，道格·杜西按比例缩减其竞选承诺旨在削减所得税。犹他州的盖瑞·赫伯特已经告诉立法者考虑提高汽油或销售税，支付高速公路的维护费用。伊利诺斯州发现自己陷入深渊，故Bruce
Rauner警告他的官员，他们要付出代价。
    To the newly-elected, Mr Brownback now serves as a cautionary tale. His
business- and income-tax cuts, signed in 2012 and 2013, were the most ambitious
of any state. He wanted to closeloopholes to pay for this, but the legislature
refused, leading to an enormous loss of revenue.After a hoped-for economic boom
did not materialise, Standard & Poor's, a credit-ratingagency, downgraded
Kansas's debt, declaring its budget “structurally unbalanced”. MrBrownback
barely eked out a victory last year. In his inaugural address this month
heacknowledged that the state has economic problems, but claimed “the solutions
are principallycultural and moral”.
    对于刚获选的布朗巴克先生来说，他现在表现的很谨慎。他的商业和收入税削减计划，分别于2012年和2013年签署，曾是国内所有州中最具野心的一项计划。他想关闭漏洞，为此计划买单;但是，立法机关拒绝该计划，导致了收入亏损。继一项经济复苏计划未能如愿使标普(信誉评价机构)降低堪萨斯州的债务信誉，且称其预算“结构不平衡”。去年，布朗巴克先生获得了小小的胜利。在他本月的就职演讲中，他了解到，该州存在经济问题，但却声称“解决方法主要是通过文化和道德”。
    John Kasich, the governor of Ohio (who may also be gearing up for a
presidential run), hasbeen more pragmatic. Since taking office in 2011 he has
balanced the state's budget whilecutting taxes and red tape. He also picked a
fight with public-sector unions, and lost. Thatspurred him to adopt a more
conciliatory approach. Having won re-election by over 30points last year, he now
wants to cut income taxes even more—but he would pay for it byraising taxes on
energy companies, which has incurred the wrath of some on the right.
    俄亥俄州州长John
Kasich(有望参加总统竞选)，变得更加现实了。自2011年任职以来，他已经平衡了该州的预算，同时也削减了税收、改善了官僚习气。他挑起了一场与公共部门工会的“战争”，惨败。这激发他采取一种调和的方法。去年多于对手30票而获胜，John
Kasich想进一步削减所得税——同时会通过提高能源公司的税收来弥补，此举引起了右派的不满。
    Mr Kasich has faced fiercer criticism from conservatives for having
accepted federal Obamacaredollars to expand Medicaid, the public health
programme for the poor, in 2014. But he mayhave been ahead of the curve. Last
month Bill Haslam said he hoped to make Tennessee thetenth state with a
Republican governor to expand the programme. (His plan must still pass
thelegislature.) Five others are thinking about it. Some want to incorporate
ideas like cost-sharing or job-training requirements, which would provide
political cover. Drew Altman of theKaiser Family Foundation, a research outfit,
predicts that eventually “most, if not all” of theremaining states will find
some way to accept the extra cash and expand Medicaid.
    Kasich先生因接受来自联邦“奥巴马医改”的资金援助扩大“医疗补助计划”——2014年穷人公共卫生计划。然而，他或许已经引领了潮流。上个月，Bill
Haslam表示，他希望把排名位于第十位的田纳西州(州长是共和党议员)加入到此计划中来(他的计划必须通过立法)。其他五位议员正在考虑此事。有人想合并成本分担或职业需求之类的想法，这样可以提供政治掩护。凯瑟家庭基金会(一家调查机构)的德鲁·阿尔特曼预估，最终“大部分，若不是所有”的剩下州将找到其他办法接受额外的资金援助，扩大“医疗补助计划”。
    Schoolyard brawl
    A more difficult test for pragmatic governors is “Common Core”, the
national educationstandards that have been adopted by over 40 states since 2010.
Several governors (bothRepublicans and Democrats) have had to beat back efforts
to kill the standards, which activistsdenounce as federal overreach or poor
policy. Some governors, like Bobby Jindal in Louisiana,have withdrawn their
support. States run by potential presidential candidates, such as MrJindal, seem
most likely to backtrack. The issue is already dogging Jeb Bush, a
pragmaticformer governor of Florida who supports Common Core and has his eyes
set on the WhiteHouse.
    校园斗殴
    对实用州长更为困难的测试是“通用核心”，即自2010年被逾40个州采用的国家教育标准。一些州长(既有共和党人也有民主党人)突出重围，取消该标准，激进主义分子谴责其行为是联邦越权或“穷人政策”。像路易斯安那州州长Bobby
Jindal已经撤出。总统候选人比如Jindal先生所管理的州最有可能放弃。此事可追溯到杰布·布什佛罗里达州前州长，实用主义者，支持“通用核心”，而且他已经“盯上”白宫了。
    With just seven states under complete Democratic control, it is easy to
forget about theparty's governors. But most have also set aside ideology to
pursue practical agendas. InCalifornia Jerry Brown has held the line on
spending, even as the state's university systemclamours for cash. Instead of
introducing new programmes, Mr Brown has focused on dealingwith the state's
long-term debts. In New York, Andrew Cuomo has vowed to tackle inequalityand
improve education. He has already upset teachers' unions by signalling that he
wants toincrease the number of charter schools and make it easier to fire bad
teachers.
    因为只有7名州长是民主党议员，所以这些州长很容易被人遗忘。尽管如此，大部分人还是追求实用议程。在加州，杰里·布朗在费用问题上坚决不肯让步，即便州立大学体系叫嚷着要钱。布朗先生集中解决长期困扰该州的债务问题而不是引进新项目。在纽约，Andrew
Cuomo已经宣誓解决不平等问题、提高教育质量。同时，他还签署了关于增开委办学校、易于开除平行不好的老师的协议，这让教师工会很困扰。
    The states are not devoid of ideological conflict. Twenty-five are suing
Barack Obama over hisrefusal to deport certain groups of illegal immigrants.
Others are considering voter-IDrequirements, drug tests for welfare recipients
and further curbs on unions. A host of anti-abortion bills have been filed:
Republicans are trying to build on the 231 new restrictionsadopted since 2010,
according to the Guttmacher Institute, a pro-choice think-tank. Manylegislatures
are also wrestling with gay marriage; 14 states still do not allow it. But on
fiscalissues, at least, tight budgets restrain the radicals of the right.
    这些州并不是没有意识斗争。25名州长控诉布拉克·奥巴马关于拒绝驱逐非法移民的事宜。其他人则在考虑选民身份的要求、福利收据的药检以及对工会的进一步制裁。大量关于反堕胎的法案已经归档：据古赫马特研究所(提倡堕胎合法化的智库)，共和党则在试图重塑2010年引进额231项新的限制条例。许多立法机构正在与同性婚姻周旋;14个州依旧不承认其合法性。但是至少，就财经问题而言，紧缩的预算限制了激进分子的权利。
    1.pay attention to 注意;关心;重视You should alwayspay attention to personal
grooming. 你应随时注意个人仪容。You must pay attention to this problem beforeevery thing.
你应该首先注意这个问题。2.lay out 安排;摆开;布置You won't have to lay out a fortune forthis dining
table. 你不必为这张餐桌花一大笔钱。My jobis to lay out the text and graphics on the page.
我的工作是设计页面上的正文和图表。3.budget gap 预算缺口;预算差额The gap between Obamarhetoric and Obama
reality transcends the budget, as do the consequences.
奥巴马这样做的结果导致他的言论和他超越小时的预算之间的差距。4.promise to 承诺要;保证要I'm hoping you'll keep
yourpromise to come for a long visit. 我希望你遵守诺言来这儿多呆几天。Claire had made me promise
totell her the truth. 克莱尔要我保证把真相告诉她。
    1.pay attention to 注意;关心;重视
    You should always pay attention to personalgrooming.
    你应随时注意个人仪容。
    You must pay attention to this problem before everything.
    你应该首先注意这个问题。
    2.lay out 安排;摆开;布置
    You won't have to lay out a fortune for this dining table.
    你不必为这张餐桌花一大笔钱。
    My job is to lay out the text and graphics on the page.
    我的工作是设计页面上的正文和图表。
    3.budget gap 预算缺口;预算差额
    The gap between Obama rhetoric and Obama reality transcends the budget, as
do theconsequences.
    奥巴马这样做的结果导致他的言论和他超越小时的预算之间的差距。
    4.promise to 承诺要;保证要
    I'm hoping you'll keep your promise to come for a long visit.
    我希望你遵守诺言来这儿多呆几天。
    Claire had made me promise to tell her the truth.
    克莱尔要我保证把真相告诉她。