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考研英语阅读理解是重头戏,分值大,比重高,考生在复习总也要多做练习,提高阅读速度和做题技巧。下面新东方在线小编份上2015考研英语阅读理解强化练习及解析希望考生先做练习后看解析,多思考总结,提高自己的阅读水平。》》点击查看:2015年考研英语复习指导专题
2015考研英语阅读理解强化练习及解析(22)
Specialization canbe seen as a response to the problem of an increasing
accumulation ofscientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into
smaller units,one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the
basis forfurther research. But specialization was only one of a series of
relateddevelopments in science affecting the process of communication. Another
was thegrowing professionalisation of scientific activity。
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals andamateurs in
science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word“amateur”
does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integratedinto
the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share itsvalues. The
growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with itsconsequent
requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greaterproblems for
amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally mostobvious in those
areas of science based especially on a mathematical orlaboratory training, and
can be illustrated in terms of the development ofgeology in the United
Kingdom。
A comparison of British geological publications over the lastcentury and a
half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy ofresearch, but
also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptableresearch paper.
Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studiesrepresented worthwhile
research in their own right; but, in the twentiethcentury, local studies have
increasingly become acceptable to professionalsonly if they incorporate, and
reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have
continued to pursue local studies in the oldway. The overall result has been to
make entrance to professional geologicaljournals harder for amateurs, a result
that has been reinforced by thewidespread introduction of refereeing, first by
national journals in thenineteenth century and then by several local geological
journals in thetwentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development,
separatejournals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or
amateurreadership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to
professionalgeologists coming together nationally within one or two specific
societies,where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or
to cometogether nationally in a different way。
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization wasalready
well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, itsfull
consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In sciencegenerally,
however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucialperiod for this
change in the structure of science。
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be moreclearly
seen in sciences such as _________。
[A]sociology and chemistry
[B]physics and psychology
[C]sociology and psychology
[D]physics and chemistry
22. We can infer from the passage that _________。
[A]there is little distinction between specialization
andprofessionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientificcommunity
[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
23. The author writes of the development of geology to
demonstrate_________。
[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C]the change of policies in scientific publications
[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
24. The direct reason for specialization is _________。
[A]the development in communication
[B]the growth of professionalisation
[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D]the splitting up of academic societies
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