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考研英语阅读理解有一部分是截取自报刊文章,因此考生在复习备考的过程中要注意提高报刊文章的阅读能力,把握时事阅读。下面新东方在线小编分享历年真题同源的30篇报刊文章,附有注释和解析,希望考生认真阅读,提高对此类文章的阅读能力和增加相关词汇量。
考研英语阅读真题同源报刊文章30篇(13)
From Genes to GMOs
Today, genes can be isolated, identified, and cloned, then inserted into
other organisms to alter their traits. The process is called genetic
engineering. For this technology to develop, a few tools were necessary. In the
1970s, scientists isolated bacterial plasmids. These are hulahoopshaped
doublestranded units of DNA that can be moved easily from one cell to another.
They also discovered "scissors," called restriction enzymes for cutting the DNA
into predictable, reproducible patterns. These enzymes are used to"snip apart"
plasmids at very specific DNA sequences, leaving free ends that can be rejoined
as the scientist chooses. Restriction enzymes occur in bacteria as part of a
natural defense mechanism to guard against invading viruses. Many different
types are now available, each cutting DNA at a different sequence of base
pairs.
Once a plasmid is snipped open, a foreign piece of DNA, cut by the same
enzyme scissors, can be taped, end to end, into the plasmid using another
enzyme, DNA ligase. This is the glue that sticks all the pieces together. The
new plasmid is inserted back into a cell, where numerous copies can be made.
Introduction of specific genetic material into rapidly reproducing target
bacteria can turn the cells into miniature factories for production of useful
substances. For example, when the Exxon Valdez oil freighter ran aground in 1989
and spilled thirtyeight million liters of oil, oileating bacteria, created in
just this manner, were used in the cleanup operation. The oil was broken down
five times faster with help from the genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Plasmid technology has also been developed for moving targeted genetic
material into plants. In this technique, scientists use the plasmid from a
bacterium that causes tumors on plants. In nature, this bacterium transfers
genetic material into plant tissues by releasing plasmids onto damaged plant
cells. The plasmids enter the plant tissue and produce a swelling, or tumor.
Because of this special ability to invade plant tissue, these tumorinducing
(TI) plasmids are now used routinely as "taxi cabs" to carry target genes into a
wide variety of plant cells, including, for example, corn. The European corn
borer is a common pest in this economically valuable crop. When pesticides are
used against them, timing is critical. If sprayed too late, the corn borer will
already have made a home inside the corn stem and will not be killed. CIBA
Research was the first company to develop what has become commonly known as Bt
corn. It contains genes that allow it to resist infestation by the corn borer.
The Bt genes came from a bacterium called Bacillus thuring ensis . It produces a
protein called Bt protoxin. When an insect larva eats these bacteria, the toxin
contained in the bacterium attaches to the insect's gut and makes holes in it,
and the larva starves to death. Bt corn can be grown using less pesticide, and
sometimes even no pesticide.
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