2015年考研英语翻译练习（text 12）

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    2015年考研英语翻译练习（text 12）
    The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to
aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and
military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the
daily press，and even in Congress.(71)The target is wrong，for in attacking the
tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or
incompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics
that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified
conditions.Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading
depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
    All informed predicitions of future performance are based upon some
knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades，research productivity，sales
records，or whatever is appropriate.(72)How well the predictions will be
validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and
appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which
it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information
available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to
error.
    Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a
quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person
learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is.The information
so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other
kinds of information.(73)Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both
in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience
concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and
availability.
    (74)In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be
measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be
measured or predicated can not be well defined.Properly used，they provide a
rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.Sometimes they
identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but
there are many things they do not do.(75)For example，they do not compensate for
gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged
youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances.
    2015年考研英语翻译练习（text 12）译文+解析