考研英语阅读精选：“绿色化学”的美好前景

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《考研英语历年真题详解及复习指南》本书由新东方教育科技集团研发中心和考研项目推广中心联合推出，力求为考生提供一本内容翔实、讲解精准的备考指南。
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考研英语阅读精选：“绿色化学”的美好前景
『人们开始对消费产品中使用的许多化学物质的安全性提出了质疑，因为如今发现这些化学物质和一些包括癌症在内的健康问题有关联。这也就是催生了人们对更安全的替代品——“绿色化学”的期待。』
     The Brave New World of “Green Chemistry”
     July 29th 2011 | from Scientific American

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Researchers today are beginning to question the safety of many chemicals used in consumer products. Studies have linked bisphenol A (BPA), flame retardants, phthalates and many other chemicals found in everyday products to a wide range of health problems, including cancer, learning and behavioral problems and reproductive illnesses.
   
Despite the federal government’s slowness in calling for it, nonprofit labs and for-profit companies alike have been busy developing safer alternatives to some of these harsher chemicals. The brave new world of “green chemistry,” —in which reducing or eliminating the use or generation of hazardous substances is top priority in the design, use and disposal of products, —is leading to a rash of new, safer ingredients.
   
Companies looking to put a “BPA-free” sticker on their bottles, for instance, can make them instead with Eastman Tritan copolyester, a plastic alternative that does not disrupt hormones as Nalgene and CamelBak do. Phthalates—used to soften plastic toys—can be replaced with a product called Grindsted Soft-N-Safe, made from acetic acid and castor oil from the castor-oil plant. Formaldehyde adhesives used to make plywood and other wood products can be replaced with soy-based resins, wood fibers and plastic-wood fibers.
   
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency supports the effort through its sponsorship of the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. The annual awards program recognizes and helps fund efforts to reduce the amount of hazardous substances released into the environment or entering the waste stream, and efforts that reduce the public-health hazards associated with the release of such substances.
   
But while the EPA has the power to spur green chemistry, it is powerless to ban many dangerous chemicals in widespread use. The 1976 law that still governs use of many chemicals, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), presumes that chemicals are innocent until proved guilty. TSCA has failed to require basic testing for the toxicity of some 62,000 chemicals grandfathered in when the law was first passed.
   
“Once thought to pose little likelihood of exposure, we now know many chemicals migrate from the materials and products in which they’re used—including furniture, plastics and food cans—into our bodies,” reports the Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families campaign. The campaign warns that just about every American carries hundreds of these chemicals in their bloodstream.
   
Senator Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey and his colleagues recently introduced a bill, the Safe Chemicals Act, aimed at overhauling the outdated TSCA. It would require safety testing of all existing chemicals and would promote so-called green chemistry and the development of safe alternatives to unsafe chemicals. The act would provide the EPA with the authority it needs to protect public health, while enabling the marketplace to innovate safe products, reports Richard Denison of the Environmental Defense Fund. The bill’s sponsors say it expects to have widespread support on both sides of the partisan divide. (469 words)
   
文章来源
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=brave-new-world-of-green-chemistry