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Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning
tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain
nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring
various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the
mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent
gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed
much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our
banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical
politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless
robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and
micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of
brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than
highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will
have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few
decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to
tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a
robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to
reliably interact with a dynamic world." Indeed the quest for true artificial
intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial
optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and
microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year
2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not
centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's
roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human
perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots
that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in
a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly
changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant,
instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or
the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on
Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know
quite how we do it. |
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发表于 2017-8-6 14:03:58