2016考研英语120个长难句精选

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长难句一直是考研英语需攻克的一大重难点，是一座颇有难度攀爬的高山，考生要想征服它就必须要下苦工，多背多看多读多记多思多总结，下面是新东方在线精选的120个长难句，相信大家熟读理解他们，离高山顶端也不远了。
    1. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological
journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the
widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the
nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the
twentieth century.
    2. This modern faith in medicines is proved by the fact that the annual
drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows
no signs at present of ceasing to rise.
    3. This overlooked the fact that the poor nations now can borrow the
technologies of more developed nations, some of which will be readily adaptable
to their own environments, and improve their techniques of production very
rapidly.
    4. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this
condition, and even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions.
    5. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many
years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is
cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when
needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
    6. We have enriched our lives by creating physical mobility through the
motor-car, the jet aeroplane, and other means of mechanical transport; and we
have added to our intellectual mobility by the telephone, radio, and
television.
    7. He extends his own energies by the generation and transmission of power
and his nervous system and his thinking and decision –making faculties through
automation.
    8. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of
confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude
towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was
not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
    9. Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have
a great capacity for sympathy, a capacity to understand the minds and feelings
of other people and, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, the
minds and feelings of children.
    10. This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in
history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from
fear.
    11. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments
came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make
of its scientific establishments cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
    12. Webb argues that the colonial legislative assemblies represented the
interests not of the common people but of the colonial upper classes, a
coalition of merchants and nobility who favored self-rule and sought to elevate
legislative authority at the expense of the executive.
    13. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant –not, indeed,
of what is wrong, but of the weaknesses and immaturity of human nature which
induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.
    14. Proponents believe that may permanently change the baby's structure,
functioning and metabolism, setting it up to be more vulnerable than normal to
the development in adulthood of heart disease and related disorders such as high
blood pressure, stroke and diabetes.
    15. Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of arts
that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.
    16. New forms of thoughts as well as new subjects for thought must arise in
the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of
elegance.
    17. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful
computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most
elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.
    18. Few changes in the domestic American economy in the postwar period
appear to me to be as significant and as inadequately recognized, particularly
by national policy makers, as those changes—heavily influenced by
technology—which increasingly bind the domestic economy to the rest of the
world, and make it a more independent sub-element of a larger and more powerful
economic system.
    19. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are
historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as
the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
    20. In a critique published this week in The Lancet medical journal,
scientists conclude that the reported link between low birth weight and higher
blood pressure later in life, an early cornerstone of the theory, may not be as
strong as previously thought.
    21. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the
chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory
marriage.
    22. For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident
that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the
essence of man.
    23. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood
that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will
never prevent all cancers.
    24. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with
the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons.
    25. In 1993, there was an explosion in a population of rodents in
southwestern United States that spread hantavirus syndrome, a lung infection,
after a drought that killed off the rodents' predators was quickly followed by
heavy rains that expanded the rats' food supply.
    26. She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will
think they’ve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play
down(使不突出)their visibility.”
    27. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our
epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to
assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called
"human nature."
    28. The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of
customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the
concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes
its text.
    29. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move
instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to
robotic instruments that perform the surgery.
    30. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction,
people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival
strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease.
   
                    

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    31. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate
change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.
    32. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than
ever before, and that, in many cases, being over-weight correlates with an
increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease.
    33. Science fiction is not only change speculator but change agent, sending
an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting
it.
    34. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making
decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest
difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
    35. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could
create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.
    36. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for
a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who
participated or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose
concerning the social origins of the insurgents.
    37. Yet Walzer’s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most
serious weaknesses of capitalism—namely, that it brings to predominant positions
those people who, however legitimately they have earned their material rewards,
often lack those important qualities which evoke affection or admiration.
    38. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to
develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead
the charge.
    39. The theory, known as the fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis,
postulates that when a fetus is undernourished, it diverts resources to areas it
really needs at the time, such as the brain, at the expense of organs it will
need later in life, such as the lungs.
    40. Whether the productivity gains that result from new industries based on
new technology are properly reflected in the indices we use to measure
productivity or not, each of these industries has given us a quantum jump in
productivity, no matter how you choose to define it.
    41. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a
cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,
makes this study a unique and distinctively important social science.
    42. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of
his friend, Henry Tailor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with
him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for
an indisposition of Mrs Carlyle’s.
    43. The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by the
spraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of
flowering plant species still remains unanswered.
    44. President Bush, in a June 11 speech on global climate change, described
as "fatally flawed" the 1997 treaty negotiated in Kyoto, Japan, by the United
States and other industrial countries but later rejected by the Bush
Administration.
    45. Given the great expense of conducting such experiments with proper
controls, and the limited promise of experiments performed thus far, it is
questionable whether further experiments in this area should even be
conducted.
    46. One of the first measures proposed by president Franklin D .Roosevelt
when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was
subsequently passed by Congress.
    47. As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of
the problems to be solved and the growing interconnection of different
disciplines made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to
deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment required for
carrying out research accurately and efficiently.
    48. If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering
curriculum provide the background required for practical problem solving are not
provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in
advanced engineering systems.
    49. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of
difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an
ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of
a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a
chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance
and finely graded weights.
    50. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the
other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but
that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in
its measurement than the former.
    51. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had
occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind,
though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in
tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
    52. The patients attending the out-patients departments of our hospitals
feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to
carry home with them some tangible remedy in the form of a bottle of medicine, a
box of pills or a small jar of ointment.
    53. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them
what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services are
over-worked and have little time for offering time-consuming and
little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living and the need
for abandoning bad habits, etc, the bottle, the box and the jar are almost
always granted them.
    54. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of
his friend, Henry Tailor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with
him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for
an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle’s.
    55. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket
contained, of the nature of illness from which his friend was suffering, and of
what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so
well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and
comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened
to Henry Tailor’s house.
    56. It is often pointed out that, however ingenious they may be about
future technologies, many SCIENCE FICTION writers exhibit an implicit
conservative bias in their stories, insofar as social projections are either
ignored or based on variations of the present status quo or of historical social
systems reshuffled whole-cloth into the future.
    57. The underlying assumption of every kind of government by wisers and
betters is that people on the whole are not fit to manage their own affairs, but
must have someone else do it for them, and there is no paradox when such a
government treats its subjects without respect, or deals with them on the basis
of their having no rights that the government must take into account.
    58. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that
there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basis for
preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack on
preservationists, reinforced by the fact that they offer little, if any,
criticism of those who have robbed the natural world.
    59. Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behind
and never closed their parents’ eyelids in death, and who have experienced the
additional distance from death provided by two world wars are today pushing away
from them both a recognition of death and a recognition of the tremendous
significance – for the future – of the way we live our lives.
    60. Acceptance of the inevitability of death, which, when faced, can give
dignity to life, and acceptance of our inescapable role in the modern world,
might transmute our anxiety about making the right choices, taking the right
precautions and the right risks into the sterner stuff of responsibility, which
ennobles the whole face rather than furrowing the forehead with little wrinkles
of worry.
   
                    

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    61. Recently federal policy makers have adopted an approach intended to
accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from
directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting larger,
growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies.
    62. SCIENCE FICTION can provide students interested in the future with a
basic introduction to the concept of thinking about possible futures in a
serious way, a sense of the emotional forces in their own culture that are
affecting the shape the future may take, and a multitude of extrapolations
regarding the results of present trends.
    63. There is one particular type of story that can be especially valuable
as a stimulus to discussion of these issues both in courses on the future and in
social science courses in general-the story which presents well-worked-out,
detailed societies that differ significantly from the society of the reader.
    64. In performing this “what if…” function, SCIENCE FICTION can act as a
social laboratory as authors ruminate upon the forms social relationships could
take if key variables in their own societies were different, and upon what new
belief systems or mythologies could arise in the future to provide the basic
rationalizations for human activities.
    65. If it is true that more people find it difficult to conceive of the
ways in which their society, or human nature itself, could undergo fundamental
changes, then SCIENCE FICTION of this type may provoke one’s imagination to
consider the diversity of paths potentially open to society.
    66. That is, SCIENCE FICTION has always had a certain cybernetic effect on
society, as its visions emotionally engage the future-consciousness of the mass
public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.
    67. It is often pointed out that, however ingenious they may be about
future technologies, many SCIENCE FICTION writers exhibit an implicit
conservative bias in their stories, insofar as social projections are either
ignored or based on variations of the present status quo or of historical social
systems reshuffled whole-cloth into the future.
    68. Most SCIENCE FICTION authors have found it as hard as most other
mortals to extrapolate social mores different from those operating within their
own milieu, so that, it has been charged, far from preparing the reader for
future shock, SCIENCE FICTION is a literature that comfortably and smugly
reassures him that the future will not be radically different from the
present.
    69. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that
is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on
which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing
though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying
assumptions.
    70. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom
in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he
can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of
his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken
up into the language of his family.
    71. But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the
fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important
question becomes this: can we gather a way, from the Chinese and American
extremes, a superior way, perhaps striking a better balance between creativity
and basic skills?
    72. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is
based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political
activities, fighting, and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more
sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even
though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
    73. The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by the
spraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of
flowering plant species still remains unanswered.
    74. This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of
the kinds of works discussed in this section.
    75. The explosion of a bomb in the streets of a city whose name no one had
ever heard before may set in motion forces which end up by ruining one’s
carefully planned education in law school, half a world away.
    76. These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them
will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of
disinterested(公正的，没有私利的) inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the
careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars –only now entering the
academic profession in substantial numbers—are at stake, and with them the
chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a
contribution that might serve as an important influence against increasing
sexism in our society of fundamental, unparalleled change.
    77. But the plight of the world compels his unwilling attention, and when
he sees that human stupidity and greed are about to plunge Europe into chaos and
destroy the most glorious civilization the world has ever known, he feels that
it is high time for men of good sense and good will to intervene and to take
politics out of the hands of the plutocrats of the Right and the woolly-minded
idealists of the Left.
    78. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and
important enough to arouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from
its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most
ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
    79. Where there is an unspoken convention that principles are not to be
disputed or where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy
humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high
scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so
remarkable.
    80. Interest in historical methods has risen less through external
challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from
internal quarrels among historians themselves.
    81. While historians once revered its affinity to literature and
philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities
for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding
of the past.
    82. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed
by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the
contemporary world.
    83. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by
additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of historical
evidence in the historical study.
    84. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts
peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate
to the various branches of historical inquiry.
    85. The fallacy applies equally to traditional historians who view history
as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science
historians who equate their activities with specific techniques.
    86. I shall define an intellectual as an individual who has elected as his
primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way
about moral problems.
    87. Whether to use tests，other kinds of information, or both in a
particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience
concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and
availability.
    88. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be
measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be
measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Tests do not compensate for gross
social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster
might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
    89. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic
decline----after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late
'80s---and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among
the middle-class down-shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for
seeking to simplify our lives.
    90. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the
classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for
computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational
reform.
   
                    

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    91. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction –
indeed, contradiction – which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the
campaign to put computers in the classroom.
    92. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a
technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why
education is universally required by law.
    93. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children
are legally required to attend school into their teens.
    94. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for
bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize
the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
    95. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the
way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the
difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any
computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to
pick up various software programs.
    96. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable
to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and
unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to
come they may be regarded as normal.
    97. It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as
“hard”, the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere
in between.
    98. New forms of thoughts as well as new subjects for thought must arise in
the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of
elegance.
    99. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful
computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most
elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.
    100. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based
economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly
the Industrial Revolution.
    101. I shall define an intellectual as an individual who has elected as his
primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way
about moral problems.
    102. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first
by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by
suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral
information which he has obtained.
    103. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the
obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of
reasoning which led him to his decision.
    104. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as
intellectuals----the average scientist for one. I have excluded him because,
while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he
has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of
those problems.
    105. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday
performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments,
manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.
    106. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which
governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his
energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his
walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his
ethics.
    107. Never when prolonged arguments avoided the subjects which are huge and
important enough to rouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from
its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most
ordinary intellect to something of thinking beings.
    108. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures
and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is
no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in
Europe for Europe.
    109. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry
technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an
experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel
of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the
White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human
cloning.
    110. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has been
working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May,
members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.
    111. NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human
cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC
members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new
restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine
in molecular biology.
    112. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May
meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it
would be morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult
nuclear cloning.
    113. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding
for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current
federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the
earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly
endanger an embryo’ s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
    114. For example, ALH84001 has been on earth for 13,000 years, suggesting
to some scientists that its PAH’s might have resulted form terrestrial
contamination.
    115. Two years later, the McKay team announced that ALH84001, which
scientists generally agree originated on Mars, contained compelling evidence
that life once existed on Mars.
    116. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in
1871 when—following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which
chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs—Congress abolished the making of
treaties with Native American tribes.
    117. But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal
tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as
treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply
as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress.
    118. This historian assumes that Alessandra had goals and interests
different from those of her sons, yet much of the historian’s own research
reveals that Alessandra acted primarily as a champion of her sons’ interests,
taking their goals as her own.
    119. Most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of information technology
(IT)—defined as any form of computer-based information system—focused on
spectacular IT successes and reflected a general optimism concerning IT’s
potential as a resource for creating competitive advantage.
    120. The findings support the notion, founded in resource-based theory,
that competitive advantages do not arise from easily replicated resources, no
matter how impressive or economically valuable they may be, but from complex,
intangible resources.