考研阅读精选：网络是最大的发明

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THE WEB IS THE GREATEST INVENTION
From INTELLIGENT LIFE magazine, January/February 2012

  Nearly two thousand years ago, three elderly Chinese men sat in the  gardens of Changle Palace, arguing about what was the greatest invention  of all time.
“Tools made of rock,” said one, banging his fist on the delicate carved table.
“Paper,” said another, slamming the side of his hand.
“No, scissors!” cried the third, making chopping movements in the air. And so a game was invented.
  This little tale is an invention too. We do not know exactly when Rock,  Paper, Scissors was dreamed up, nor how, since in the time of Han there  were fewer ways of recording the events of the day: no photographs  (invented by Louis Daguerre in 1836), no sound recordings (the  phonautograph was first used in 1857) and no reliable method of storing  and passing on information (more of that later).
But the fact  that the game existed then, and did not before, means that it is an  invention. It may not be a contender for the greatest of all time, but  rock, paper and scissors most certainly are. Inventions, for the  purposes of this debate, are tangible—technologies and processes, rather  than more nebulous things such as ideas, principles and imaginings.  Children might feel that Father Christmas (first recorded in 1616) is  the greatest invention of all time, but we are ruling him out.
  Tools fashioned of rock, or stone, were probably the earliest  inventions worthy of the name. First used in the Paleolithic Age, around  2.6m years ago, they mark an essential progression, from proto-human to  human. With simple tools, fashioned by pummelling one piece of rock  against another to produce a sharp edge, early man began to shape the  world according to his needs, to build rudimentary shelters, to hunt and  flay animals for food and clothing. Just about everything else followed  from there. There is virtually nothing about the way we live today that  would have been possible without those first stone tools.
  But does longevity alone qualify stone tools for the crown? I’m not  convinced; theirs was a long, slow grind to efficacy, and in most forms  they’ve long been eclipsed. The blade, however—of which scissors are  just a manifestation, albeit an ingenious one—has been in constant use  since it was first invented at the start of the Ages of Metal, some  400,000 years ago. Think of knives, swords, spears, axes, the  guillotine…uh-oh. Although we depend on the blade for much of what we  now take for granted, from cutting up our food to making the electronics  which crowd our daily life, there’s a little too much of the chop and  slash about blades to make them my greatest of all time.
So  how about the third of our Chinese gents’ suggestions: paper? Invented  by an imperial courtier named Ts’ai Lun in 105AD, it was deemed so  precious and important that successive Chinese dynasties kept it secret  for six centuries. Not something that the Dragons of today’s Den, with  their greedy eyes and piles of cash, would be inclined to do.
  It is thanks to paper that we know about its invention. The ability to  keep a written record is the foundation of mass learning. While the  alphabet was invented around 2,000BC (at the same time as another useful  device, the umbrella), it wasn’t easy to pass around heavy stone  tablets, or to manufacture and preserve papyrus scrolls in great  numbers. The invention of paper led inexorably to books, the printing  press, newspapers and magazines, to sacred texts, art, photography and  music scores, handed down through generations. And yet, here we are at  the dawn of what may, finally, become a paperless society. Paper may  cover stone, but it is cut by scissors and burned by fire—another of the  foundations of our society.