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2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(28)

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发表于 2016-8-15 21:48:58 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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Text 4
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
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Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says, "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS)released a two volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end of life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse". He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear ... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension".
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain.
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician assisted suicide.
[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
[C] The Court ruled that high dosage pain relieving medication can be prescribed.
[D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end of life care is .
[A] prolonged medical procedures.
[B] inadequate treatment of pain.
[C] systematic drug abuse.
[D] insufficient hospital care.
59. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 4, paragraph 7)?
[A] Bold.
[B] Harmful.
[C] Careless.
[D] Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .
[A] manage their patients incompetently.   
[B] give patients more medicine than needed.
[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.  
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients.
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发表于 2016-8-15 22:36:00 | 显示全部楼层
核心词汇:
abuse vt.滥用;辱骂;诋毁n.滥用;恶习;弊端(ab坏+us(e)→不好用→滥用)
acknowledge vt.承认;接受;告知(信件等的)收到;答谢(ac强调+knowledge→强调知道→告知)
agony n.痛苦(agon痛苦+y名词后缀→痛苦)
assess vt.评估(财产、收入);征税;评价(as表强调+sess坐→坐在一旁→评审→估价)
assist vt.协助,帮助,促进vi.参加; 出席在场(as加强动作+sist站立→站在一起→帮助)
bold a.大胆的,勇敢的;冒失的;黑体的,粗体的
commit v.把......交托给,提交;表明(com共同+mit送,放出→共同送→委任)
constitutional a.构成的;体质的;宪法的(con+stitut(e)+ion+al),con前缀"一起",stitute词根"建立",ion名词后缀,al形容词后缀;名词形式为constitution(构成;体质;宪法
←con+stitut(e)+ion;动词为constitute(构成)←con+stitute。
debate v./n.争论,辩论(de加强+bat+e→加强打击→反驳,辩论)
define v.给......下定义;阐述;阐释;限定,规定(de加强+fine→加强限制→下定义)
desperate a.不顾一切的,铤而走险的;绝望的,危急的(de去掉+sper+ate→去掉希望→绝望的)
foresee v.预见,预知(fore+see看见)
homicide n.杀人,杀人者(homi人+cide切开,杀→杀人)
implication n.含意,暗示,暗指;牵连(im进入+plic+ate+ion名词后缀)
initiative a.创始的,起始的n.第一步,创始,主动精神(in进入+itiate开始+ive形容词后缀→起步的)
legitimate a.合法的;合理的,合乎逻辑的vt.使合法(leg+itim表最高级+ate)
maintain v.维修,保养,维持,供养,坚持,主张,支持(mai=man手+tain→用手拿住→坚持)
mediation n.调解,仲裁(med+iate+ion名词后缀→调节)
prescribe v.指示,规定 ; 处(方),开(药)(pre预先+scribe写→预先写好药量)
principle n.原理,原则;主义,信念
prolong v.拉长,延长,拖延(pro向前+long长→向前长→延长)
relieve vi.减轻,解除 ;援救,救济(re再+lieve提高,举起,变轻→再轻→减轻)
sufficient a.充足的;有能力的;合格的(suf在下面+fic做,制作 +ient形容词后缀→充足的)
suicide n.自杀;给自己带来恶劣后果的行为(sui自己+cide→自杀)
systematic a.(systematical)系统的,有组织的
难句分析:
难句1
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
[分析]此句主语是The Supreme Court's decisions,谓语是carry,宾语是important implications,后面有一个how引导的从句作介词for的宾语。
[译文]最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀的裁决,对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个方面来说,具有重要的意义。
难句2
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
[分析]此句是一个复杂句,其基本结构是although引导的状语从句后面加一个主句,其主干是the Court supported the medical principle of "double effect",后面是一个对double effect进行说明的同位语,里面又有一个holding引导的宾语从句。
[译文]尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的"双效"原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的良好效果和可以预见得到的有害效果),那么,只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果,则是被允许的。
难句3
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in Part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
[分析]此句的主语是many,谓语是acknowledge承认,后面有一个宾语从句,用的是被动语态,而其中由by引导的短语后面又有一个定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying来修饰前面的patients。
[译文]另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。
难句4
It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end of life care.
[分析]此句的主语it,指代的是上文提到的NAS,谓语的主干结构是identifies something as something,宾语有两个并列成分the undertreatment of pain和the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures",后面的一个还有个定语从句来修饰。
[译文]报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用"可能延长死亡期甚至让病人死的不体面的无效和强制的医疗体系"。
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发表于 2016-8-15 23:25:00 | 显示全部楼层
文章类型:时文--社会科学--法律学
这篇文章讨论的是医生协助病人自杀即安乐死和临终关怀的问题。
试题解析:
56. 根据前三段,我们了解到
[A] 医生过去常常增加药量,以便控制病人的痛苦。
[B] 医生帮助垂死病人结束生命仍然是违法的。
[C] 最高法院强烈反对医生协助的自杀。
[D] 宪法没有赋予病人自杀的权利。
推理题【正确答案】[B]
解题关键在于第二段中的"there is no constitutional right to physician assisted suicide",即从法规上讲,在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的。
57. 根据本文的观点,下面哪项说法正确?
[A] 如果医生冒导致病人死亡的危险,他们将被认为有罪。
[B] 现代医学已经帮助那些晚期病人在无痛中康复。
[C] 法院裁定,可以开大剂量减轻病痛的药物。
[D] 医生的用药是否恰当不再取决于他的目的。
判断题【正确答案】 [C]
解题关键集中在文章的前三段:尽管在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的,但是最高法院认为只要医生的本意是为了减轻病人的痛苦,那么他们使用大剂量的镇痛药就是允许的。所以选择[C]项。
58. 根据国家科学院的报告,临终护理存在的问题之一是
[A] 延长的治疗手段。
[B] 缺乏对痛苦的医治。
[C] 有计划地滥用药物。
[D] 医院的护理不适当。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [B]
定位在第七段的第二句话,依据其中的"the undertreatment of pain",可知正确答案是[B]项。
59. 下面哪个词能够最好地解释单词"aggressive"(第七段第3行)的意思?
[A] 大胆的。
[B] 有害的。
[C] 粗心的。
[D] 不顾一切的
词汇题【正确答案】 [A]
这道题考查根据上下文判断词义的能力。 "aggressive"这个词在上下文中指医生治疗时为了延长病人生命而大胆用药,所以选择[A]项。
60. 乔治·安纳斯可能同意:医生应该受惩罚,如果他们
[A] 治疗病人不得力。
[B] 给病人的药超过所需的量。
[C] 减少病人的用药量。
[D] 延长病人不必要的痛苦。
细节事实题【正确答案】[D]
定位在文章的最后一段。在这一段中,安纳斯对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾,无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评,认为这种行为构成了"虐待病人",并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。
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发表于 2016-8-16 01:02:39 | 显示全部楼层
全文精译:
最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀的裁决,对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个方面来说,具有重要的意义。
第一段:引入话题,先是提到了来自最高法院的裁决结果。
尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的"双效"原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的良好效果和可以预见得到的有害效果),那么,只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果,则是被允许的。
第二段:指出社会各界对此的反应。
近年来,医生们一直在借用这项原则,为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由,尽管他们知道,不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。
蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·达博勒认为,这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑,这些医生在此之前一直强烈地坚持说,如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话那就不能这样做。
第三、四段:这项裁决能消除医生的顾虑。
波士顿大学健康卫生法系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为,只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药,那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡,医生的行为也没有违法。"这就像做手术,"他说,"我们不能称那些死亡为谋杀是因为医生并没有想杀死病人,尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生,只要你并没有想让病人自杀,你就可以去冒你的病人自杀的风险。"
第五段:举例表明法律界对该裁决的肯定。
另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。
就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周,国家科学院公布了一份长达两卷的报告--临近死亡:改善临终关怀。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用"可能延长死亡期甚至让病人死的不体面的无效和强制的医疗体系"。
第六、七段:从患者的角度表达出对医院做法的否定态度。
医疗行业正在采取措施,让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训,对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估,为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的收费准则,以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。
第八段:指出医疗行业的新举措。
安纳斯说,律师可以在要求把医疗界的这些善意的行为变成更好的在护理行动方面发挥关键作用。"不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的,可预见的痛苦漠不关心",乃至于已构成"蓄意虐待病人"。他说,行医资格理事会"必须明确表明--病人痛苦地死亡,可以推定,是由于医生处理不力造成的,应该吊销其从医资格"。
第九段:引用法律界人士的语言,指出他们强烈希望实施裁决。
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