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2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(2)

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发表于 2016-8-15 21:48:52 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
订阅收藏《2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解》系列文章
No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) was just issued a report describing the far reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. This is the so called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site licensing agreements. There is open access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer review process, at least for the publication of papers.
26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing.
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government funded research.
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit making journal publishers.
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
29. With the open access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A] cover the cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the peer review before submission.
30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
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发表于 2016-8-15 22:34:13 | 显示全部楼层
核心词汇:
affiliate v.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构,分公司(af+fili+ate);n.affiliation
agency n.代理(处);代办处;[美](政府的)机关,厅(ag+ency表机构或状态→做的机构→代理机构)
association n.联盟,协会,社团;交往,联合;联想(associat(e)联合+ion名词后缀→社团)
available a.(用于物)可利用的;可见到的,接受采访的(avail+able形容词后缀)
copyright n./a.版权(的)
delay v.耽搁; 延误;推迟; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及时放置好→耽搁)
distribute v.分发;分配;分布;配(电);(over)散布(dis分开+tribute→分开给→分配)
emerge vt.显现,浮现;暴露;形成(e出+merge沉→沉的东西出现→浮现)
endeavor v./n.(endeavour)努力,尽力,力图
peer n.同辈,同等地位的人;贵族v.凝视
repository n. 知识库
restrict v.限制,约束(re回+strict→拉回来→限制)
specialize v.(specialise)(in)专攻,专门研究,专业化(special+ize动词后缀→专门化)
straightforward a.正直的;简单的,易懂的ad.坦率地
submit v.(to)使服从,屈服;(to)呈送,提交(sub下面+mit→送下去→屈服)
subscriber n.订户;捐助人(subscrib+er人)
难句剖析:
难句1
Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
[分析]此句是and连接的并列句,前一个分句的主干是"Copyright rested with...",后一个分句的主干是 "researchers... would have to",其中现在分词短语seeking knowledge of the results做分句主语researchers的定语。
[译文]版权属于期刊出版商,研究人员必须订阅刊物才能查找此研究结果的相关知识。
难句2
The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality.
[分析]此句主干是 "The Internet...is making access to scientific results a reality" . 此句中破折号之间是插入语,其中who引导的定语从句修饰名词funding agencies,该定语从句中又包含一个why引导的宾语从句。
[译文]网络--连同来自于投资机构的压力,他们质疑为什么商业出版商通过限制人们的使用来从政府资助的科学研究中获利--使免费接触到科学成果成为一个现实。
难句3
Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.
[分析]此句主干是 "Other models exist...",其中定语从句 "that are hybrids of these three...", 做定语修饰Other models ,  因为这个定语从句较长,为保持句子平衡,移至谓语之后。such as引出主语名词Other models的同位语。此句从where开始到句末是定语从句,修饰名词 open access.
[译文]其他现有的模式是这三种模式的混合模式,例如延迟授权开放模式,即期刊在允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前的六个月,只允许订阅者查阅论文。
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发表于 2016-8-15 23:36:06 | 显示全部楼层
文章类型:社会科学--经济学--商业经济类
这篇文章重点论述学术期刊发生的变化,介绍新的网络出版模式。
试题解析
26. 在第一段,作者探讨了
[A] 杂志编辑的背景信息。
[B] 实验报告的出版程序。
[C] 作者与期刊出版商的关系。
[D] 期刊出版的传统过程。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]
第一段主要是介绍杂志出版的过程,而且从第一段首句中的used to可以看出,此段是针对"过去的"情况进行阐述,介绍研究者在得出研究结论后如何将其发表在学术期刊上的流程。 [D]项中的traditional和首句中的used to意义一致,因此为正确答案。
27. 下面哪项有关世界经合组织报道的说法正确?
[A] 它批评了政府资助的研究。
[B] 它采用了一种有效的出版方式。
[C] 它使得获利的出版商心烦意乱。
[D] 它使得科学研究获得很大的利益。
判断题【正确答案】 【C】
定位在第二段,本段指出,互联网使大众接触到科学成果成为一个现实。OECD刚刚发布一个报告,描写了其深远的影响。这份报告使那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。此句意思与 [C]项中的upset(心烦意乱)意思相近,属于同义转述,因此为正确答案。
28. 根据本文,在线出版非常重要,因为
[A] 它为人们了解科研成果提供了一个更简便的方法。
[B] 它给科研人员带来了巨大的利益。
[C] 它强调科学知识的主要作用。
[D] 它促进了对科学研究的公共投资。
细节事实题【正确答案】  【A】
第二段第一句指出:The Internet...is making access to scientific results a reality.因特网正在使人们了解科研成果成为现实,最后一段指出,目前,大约75%的学术杂志是网络杂志,随后具体介绍了三种主要模式,这说明,在线出版使得人们可以更简便地获知科研成果。
29. 由于公开授权的出版模式,论文的作者被要求
[A] 支付文章的出版费用。
[B] 订阅出版其文章的杂志。
[C] 容许其他网络杂志免费使用其文章。
[D] 在提交文章前完成同行审查过程。
细节事实题【正确答案】【A】
定位在最后一段,本段提到公开授权的出版模式(open access publishing)时指出,这种模式的典型特征是,要求作者为即将出版的文章支付费用。因此选择[A]项。
30. 下面哪项最恰当地概括了本文
[A] 因特网正在对出版商造成威胁。
[B] 一种新的出版模式在出现。
[C] 作者欢迎出版的新渠道。
[D] 网络服务使得出版变得更容易。
中心主旨题【正确答案】【B】
文章首先介绍了传统的出版模式,接着指出因特网正在使人们了解科研成果成为现实,而且进一步说明:目前,大约75%的学术杂志是网络杂志,完全新型的产业模式在出现,最后介绍了几种主要的模式。可见,本文的核心内容是介绍"网络出版物"这种全新的出版模式,因此选择[B]项。
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发表于 2016-8-15 23:48:33 | 显示全部楼层
全文精译:
过去事情是如此直截了当。实验室里工作的一组研究者给某个期刊递交其研究成果。之后期刊编辑隐去作者姓名及相关信息后把论文递交给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语,编辑将发表该论文或退稿。版权属于期刊出版商,研究人员必须订阅刊物才能查找此研究结果的相关知识。
第一段:介绍传统期刊的出版流程,并说明其特点。
现在,情况不再是这样了。网络--连同来自于投资机构的压力,他们质疑为什么商业出版商通过限制人们的使用来从政府资助的科学研究中获利--使免费接触到科学成果成为一个现实。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)刚刚发表了一篇报道,阐述其深远影响。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰·霍克顿以及经合组织的格雷厄姆·维科瑞共同撰写了该报告,报告将令那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。但是其意义远远不止于此,它预示了科学事业一直以来的关键因素的一种转变。
第二段:说明出现免费使用科研成果的趋势。
知识的价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖于广泛的发行量和获取的便利性。这是一笔大买卖。在美国,估计核心科学读物的出版市场价值在70亿至110亿美元之间。国际科学技术医疗出版协会指出,全球范围内有超过2000家出版商专攻这些领域。他们每年在大约16,000个期刊上登载1,200多万篇文章。
第三段:指出方便的获取对于提高知识的价值。
现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告,现在有差不多75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。完全新型的产业模式在出现,其中的三种主要模式得到报道作者的认同。首先是所谓的大生意,学术杂志订户依照网站许可协议为即将出版的文章支付费用。第二种是公开授权的出版模式,典型的是让作者(或他的雇主)支付论文出版的费用。最后一种是公开授权的档案模式,即背后有诸如大学或国际实验室这样的组织为机构提供知识库存。其他现有的模式是这三种模式的混合模式,例如延迟授权开放模式,即期刊在允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前的六个月,只允许订阅者查阅论文。所有这些都会改变同行审阅论文的传统流程,至少对于论文出版业来说是这样。
第四段:介绍几种全新的网络出版模式。
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