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2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(15)

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发表于 2016-8-15 21:48:51 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"
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Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement)sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system(the "emotional brain")is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A] can be modified in their courses.
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes.
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears.
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs.
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
[A] it's function in our dreams.
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep.
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions.
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex.
33. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B] develop into happy dreams.
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D] show up in dreams early at night.
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression.
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual.
[B] Seek professional help.
[C] Exercise conscious control.
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
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发表于 2016-8-15 22:45:17 | 显示全部楼层
核心词汇:
component n.组成部分,成分,元件a.组成的,合成的(com共同+pon+ent形容词后缀→共同的放到一起→组成的)
conscious a.有意识的;能理解的;自觉的;刻意的(con全部+sci知道+ous形容词后缀→知道的→有意识的);
unconscious a.下意识的,无意识的;失去知觉的(un无+con共同+sic=know知道+ous)
disguise n./v.假装,伪装(dis+guise)
formulate v.用公式表示;规划;设计;系统地阐述(formula+ate动词后缀→成公式)
harness v.治理,利用n.马具,挽具
nightmare n.噩梦;可怕的事物,无法摆脱的恐惧
occur v.发生,出现;存在;想起,想到(oc反复+cur→反复跑→发生)
persistent a.坚持的;顽固的(per始终,完全+sist+ent形容词后缀→坚持的)
random a.随机的,随意的n.随机,随意
recur vi.一再发生;重现;诉诸具有手段办法(cur(r),curs, cours-run, "跑,发生", re再次+cur→再次跑来→一再发生,重现)
regulate v.管制,控制;调节,校准;调整
revolutionary a.革命的,革新的n.革命者(revolution+ary形容词后缀)
significance n.意义,含义;重要性,重要的(sign+ific带有+ance名词后缀→带有信号→[有]意义)
suspend v.暂时剥夺......的权利;中断; 吊,挂vi.停止一段时期;暂缓(sus在......下面+pend悬挂→挂在下面→悬吊,引申为中止)
switch n.开关;转换;鞭子v.转变,转换;抽打
therapy n.治疗,(不需要药物或手术的)物理疗法(therap+y名词后缀);therapist(治疗学家) a psychology therapist 心理治疗专家
visualize vt.形成思维图像;设想;使可见vi.形成思维图像(visual视力+ize动词后缀→使看到→具体化)
难句分析:
难句1
A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears: by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random by products of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep.
[分析]此句分为两部分,其中第一部分的主干是"Freud formulated his revolutionary theory..."宾语theory后面是一个以that引导的同位语从句,说明theory的内容;在第二部分中,代词them指代的是dreams,破折号后面的部分the random by products of the neuralrepair work...进一步解释什么是mental noise,work 后面的that引导一个定语从句,修饰work。
[译文]一个世纪前,弗洛伊德阐述了颇具革命性的理论,即梦是人们潜意识中欲望和恐惧的反映;到了20世纪70年代末期,神经病学家们转而认为梦仅仅是"精神噪音",即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。
难句2
Now researchers suspect that dreams are Part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "offline".
[分析]此句中Suspect后面是that引导的宾语从句;逗号之后的现在分词短语regulating moods...作定语,解释thermostat 的意思,句末的while引导一个时间状语从句。
[译文]目前,研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分,当大脑处于"掉线"状态时对情绪进行规整。
难句3  
And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
[分析]此句中say后面是that 引导的一个宾语从句,这个宾语从句比较复杂:主语是these intensely powerfull mental events,谓语是一个not only...but...连接的并列结构,后面的不定式结构to help us sleep and feel better 作目的状语。
[译文]一位著名的权威人士说,梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭,事实上还可以有意识地加以控制,让其帮助我们睡的更好,感觉更舒服。
难句4
Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
[分析]此句主干是"Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night..."后面的两个现在分词结构progressing toward... 和 suggesting that... 都作伴随状语;第二个现在分词结构suggesting that ...后面接一个that引导的宾语从句,其中过去分词结构generated during the day 作后置定语,修饰前面的feelings。
[译文]多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦,而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦,这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。
难句5
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of "we wake u in a panic," Cartwright says.
[分析]此句中At the end of the day 是时间状语,接着是主句there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all,后面的unless 引导条件状语从句,其中包含两个以or连接的并列分句。
[译文]卡特赖特说,说到底,只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或"从梦中惊醒",就没有理由太在意所做的梦。
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发表于 2016-8-15 23:56:07 | 显示全部楼层
文章类型:时文--人文科学--心理学
本文围绕梦与情绪的关系问题展开论述,并说明梦的原理以及梦是可以控制的。
试题解析:
31. 研究人员开始认为:梦
[A] 可以在其进程中被改变。
[B] 容易受到情感变化的影响。
[C] 反映了我们内心深处的渴望与恐惧。
[D] 是神经修复过程中的一个随机产物。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [A]
文章一开始就指出梦是我们无法控制的。现在的研究人员认为梦是心理情感调节器的一部分,在大脑"下线"时调节情绪。一句权威人士说这些强有力的心理活动不仅可以被驾驭,还可以被我们纳入有意识的控制之下,帮助我们更好地睡眠。他说"这是你的梦,如果你不喜欢,你可以改变它。"这最后一句话就是本题的答题依据,即梦在进行的过程中是可以被改变的,因此选择[A]项。
32. 通过谈论脑边缘系统,作者是想说明
[A] 它在我们梦境中的作用。
[B] 浅睡眠的机制。
[C] 梦与情感之间的关系。
[D] 它与前额皮层的差异。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [C]
本题考查对原文细节信息的准确理解。文章在第二自然段段末谈到了大脑的边缘系统,目的是为了说明上下文中出现的"梦与情感的关系问题",在第三自然段又进一步论证这个话题,所以选择[C] 项。
33. 白天产生的消极情绪往往
[A] 加剧我们的无意识情绪。
[B] 转变成愉快的梦。
[C] 一直延续,直到我们入睡时为止。
[D] 在夜里早些时候的梦境中出现。
细节事实题【正确答案】[D]
文章第三段第二句话的意思是:大多数的人似乎在睡眠前期会有较多不好的梦,然后渐渐出现令人愉快的梦。这表明人们在刚进入睡眠时会先经历白天所产生的令人不快的情感,这句话就是本题的答题依据。所以选择[D]项。
34. 卡特赖特似乎暗示:
[A] 及时醒来对于摆脱噩梦至关重要。
[B] 想象噩梦帮助我们控制噩梦。
[C] 梦应该被看成是自然进程。
[D] 做梦可能不完全属于无意识行为。
推理题【正确答案】 [D]
在第三段阐述梦与情感之间关系的基础上,第四段第一句话就说这一过程没必要都留给潜意识去完成。卡特赖特认为人们可以对那些反复出现的噩梦实施有意识的控制。你一醒过来就要考虑到底令我们不安的是什么,设想如何让梦结束。下一次类似的梦再出现时,努力醒过来控制梦的进程。经过练习人们可以学会在睡眠中完成这一项工作。所以选择[D]项。
35. 对于那些有时做噩梦的人,卡特赖特可能会提什么建议?
[A] 像平常一样生活。
[B] 寻求专业人员的援助。
[C] 练习控制意识。
[D] 避免在白天焦虑。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [A]
文章最后一段指出,除非梦已妨碍我们睡眠或者我们会"在惊恐中醒来",也许我们没有理由去过多地关注我们的梦。后面提到如果有人经常被噩梦所困扰,则应该去找医生。对于其他人来说,我们的大脑有自己处理不良情感的方式,意思是我们不用去管它,所以选择[A] 项。
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发表于 2016-8-16 00:39:20 | 显示全部楼层
全文精译:
在高质量睡眠的所有因素中,做梦似乎是最无法控制的一个。梦为我们开启另一个世界的窗户,在这里,逻辑暂时失去了效用,死人也会开口说话。一个世纪前,弗洛伊德阐述了颇具革命性的理论,即梦是人们潜意识中欲望和恐惧的反映;到了20世纪70年代末期,神经病学家们转而认为梦仅仅是"精神噪音",即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。目前,研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分,当大脑处于"掉线"状态时对情绪进行规整。一位著名的权威人士说,梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭,事实上还可以有意识地加以控制,让其帮助我们睡的更好,感觉更舒服。芝加哥医疗中心心理学系主任莎琳德·卡特赖特说"这是你的梦,如果你不喜欢,就改变它。"
第一段:梦似乎不是我们所能控制的良好晚间睡眠的一个因素,而相关研究人员指出,梦是可以改变的。
大脑成像方面的证据支持上述观点。匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说,在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。但并非大脑的所有部分都一样,脑边缘系统("情绪大脑")异常活跃,而前额皮层(思维和推理的中心地带)则相对平静。斯坦福睡眠研究员威廉·德门特博士说:"我们从梦中醒来,或者高兴或者沮丧,这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。"
第二段:来自大脑成像的证据可支持"梦可以被改变"这种观点。
梦和情绪之间的联系在卡特赖特的诊所的病人身上显露出来了。多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦,而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦,这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。因为清醒时我们的头脑被日常琐事占据着,所以并不总是想到白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响,直到我们开始做梦,这种影响才出现。
第三段:梦与情绪的联系在某些病人身上有所体现。
这一过程不一定是无意识的。卡特赖特认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演。你一觉醒来就立刻确定梦中有什么在困扰你,设想一下你所希望的梦的结局,下次再做同样的梦时,试图醒来以控制它的进程。通过多次练习,人们完全可以学会在梦中这样做。
第四段:卡特赖特教授认为,人们经过多次实践,能够学会在睡觉时控制睡梦。
卡特赖特说,说到底,只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或"从梦中惊醒",就没有理由太在意所做的梦。恐怖主义、经济不确定及通常的不安全感都增加了人们的焦虑。那些长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助,而对其他人来说,大脑有自动消除不良情绪的方法。安心睡觉甚至做梦,早上醒来时你会感觉好多了。
第五段:卡特赖特教授指出,我们不该去关注梦,除非它妨碍睡觉或者使我们惊醒。
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