2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(1)

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2008年考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解
Text 1
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "It's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner."
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one shot deals. The wear and tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating."
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that was my escape to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck."
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses, Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
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21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
［A］ Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
［B］ Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
［C］ Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
［D］ Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22. Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women      
［A］ need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
［B］ have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
［C］ are more capable of avoiding stress.
［D］ are exposed to more stress.
23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
［A］ domestic and temporary.
［B］ irregular and violent.
［C］ durable and frequent.
［D］ trivial and random.
24. The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck."(Line 6, Para. 5) probably means that
［A］ Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
［B］ Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.
［C］ Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
［D］ Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
［A］ Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
［B］ Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
［C］ Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
［D］ Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

kyfour

核心词汇：
category n.种类，部属，类目；范畴，类型
chronic a.（疾病）慢性的;积习难改的;严重的,坏的
diffuse v.扩散;传播 a.（文章等）冗长的,漫无边际的（dif分开+fuse→分流→散播）
dose n.剂量,一服,一剂 v.(给......)服药
expose vt.使受影响; 使曝光; 揭发; 使面临(ex出+pose放→放出来→暴露)
frustrate vt.挫败,阻挠,使灰心（frustr犯错误+ate→挫败)n.frustration
obligation n.义务,责任（oblig承担+ation）
random a.随机的,随意的n.随机,随意
sphere n.球,球体;范围,领域
strain v.拉紧;紧张;扭伤;竭尽全力n.拉紧;负担
susceptible a.易受影响的;易受感动的;易受感染的（sus下+cept+ible形容词后缀→可向下拿的→易受影响的）
tolerate vt.容忍,默许；对（药物、毒品等）有耐力（toler+ate动词后缀→宽容）
trigger n.扳机 vt.触发，引起
undesirable a.值得做的;合意的,称心的;期望得到的
难句剖析：
难句1
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.
［分析］此句主干是 "Studies of both animals and humans have shown that..."，句中that 引导的宾语从句的主干是"sex hormones somehow affects the stress response...",其中现在分词结构causing...作结果状语，表示在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发性化学物。
［译文］对人类和动物的研究都显示出性激素在某种程度上影响对待压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发性化学物。
难句2
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress.
［分析］此句是个倒装句，其正常的语序是her increased "opportunities" for stress are adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, 此句的谓语是are adding to 此句倒装的目的是强调倒装部分，以便使句子与上下文衔接紧密。
［译文］促进女性的压力化学物不断增长的是其不断增长的面对压力的机会。
难句3
The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be oneshot deals.
［分析］此句是并列句，前一个分句的主干是 "...violence...tend to be in domestic situations..." 其中主语有两个定语，其中短语The kinds of interpersonal  作其前置定语，定语从句that women are exposed to 作其后置定语。介词短语in domestic situations 和by parents or other family numbers 在句中作状语成分。后一个分句的主语是 they谓语是tend not to be。
［译文］女性面对的人与人之间的暴力通常发生在家庭环境中，不幸的是，其实施者是父母或其他家庭成员，而且这些暴力往往不止一次。

kyfive

文章类型：时文--社会科学--社会生活
这篇文章围绕压力对女性所造成的负面影响展开论述，并分析产生此种现象的原因。
试题解析：
21. 根据前面两段判断下面哪项正确？
［A］ 女性在生理上更容易受压力的影响。
［B］ 女性仍在承受由于男性导致的压力。
［C］ 在应对压力方面，女性比男性更有经验。
［D］男性和女性面对压力时表现出不同的倾向。
判断题【正确答案】 【A】
文中第一段首先通过一位医学专家引出本文谈论的中心，不同性别在面对压力时沮丧和焦虑的表现。在本段第二句指出：Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men。其中susceptible的含义是"易受影响的"，这是［A］项中的vulnerable同义词替换。接着第二段第一句提到：...sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males...。此句意为：在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发性化学物。由此可知，女性面对压力时更容易受伤有其生理原因，所以选择［A］项。
22. 叶沪德博士的研究暗示，女性
［A］ 需要额外剂量的化学药物来应对压力。
［B］ 对压力只具备有限的承受力。
［C］ 更有能力避免压力。
［D］ 面临更多压力。
细节事实题【正确答案】 ［D］
定位在第三段，从本段首句"Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased‘opportunities'for stress"可知，由于生理方面的原因，妇女比男性承受更多的压力，另外本段末句指出it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner。显然，女性比男性面对更多的压力，故选择［D］项。
23. 根据第四段，女性面对的压力往往是
［A］ 家庭的、暂时的。
［B］ 没有规律的、暴力的。
［C］ 持久的、经常的。
［D］ 琐碎的、任意的。
细节事实题【正确答案】【C】
定位在第四段，其中第二句指出女性面对的压力的性质：that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature。此句中chronic意为"长期的"，repeated意为"重复出现的"，durable与chronic意思相近，而repeated与frequent意思相近，根据正确答案经常是文章中关键词的同义词进行替换的原则，选择［C］项。
24. 句子"I lived from paycheck to paycheck."（第五段，第五行）表明
［A］ 爱尔沃瑞茨只关心赚钱。
［B］ 爱尔沃瑞茨的工资只能支付其家庭开销。
［C］ 爱尔沃瑞茨从不同的工作中获得薪水。
［D］ 爱尔沃瑞茨实际上依靠薪水支付任何东西。
句子理解题【正确答案】 【B】
定位在第五段，此段爱尔沃瑞茨描述了自己的生活状态，文中对她的生活状态描述的是"It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager，have a job，pay the rent，pay the car payment，and pay the debt"，该句话表示，她的收入只能用来支付其日常生活的开销。根据句中the hardest thing及后面列出的一系列pay the rent...可以看出她生活的艰辛。因此选择［B］项。
25. 下面哪项可能是本文的最佳标题？
［A］ 一种压力：没有解决方法？
［B］ 对压力的反应：性别差异。
［C］ 压力分析：什么化学物质在起作用。
［D］ 性别不平等：处于压力下的女性。
中心主旨题【正确答案】 ［D］
本文首段提到女性在面对压力时更容易沮丧，易于患焦虑症，引出女性容易遭受到压力的困扰这样一个话题。第二、三、四段继续阐释女性容易感到压力大的各方面原因。第五段以一位女士的生活经历举例来验证前面的观点，到最后一段总结，引起我们对于女性压力大这个话题的重视，因此选择［D］项。

kyfive

全文精译：
尽管女性在现代生活中的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走在了男性的前面。就职于纽约退伍军人管理医院的首席精神病学家叶沪德博士说："与男性相比，女性在面对压力时更容易沮丧，易于患焦虑症。"
第一段：引入女性更容易因压力而患病这一主题。
对人类和动物的研究都显示出性激素在某种程度上影响对待压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发性化学物。在几项研究中，如果将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）摘除，它们的化学反应就和雄鼠变得一样。
第二段：从生物学的角度去探讨产生这一现象背后的原因。
促进女性的压力化学物不断增长的是其不断增长的面对压力的机会。叶沪德博士说："这并不是说女性做事不如男性做得那样好，只是说她们有太多的事情要应对。"她说："女性对压力的耐受力甚至超过了男性，只是因为她们要处理太多的事务，因此，才导致她们更明显、更早地疲惫不堪。"
第三段：阐释女性承受的压力太多的原因。
叶沪德博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。 "我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。男人走上战场，承受着战斗的压力。男性承受更多随机的身体上的暴力行为。而女性面对的人与人之间的暴力通常发生在家庭环境中，不幸的是，其实施者是父母或其他家庭成员，而且这些暴力往往不止一次。源于这些更长久关系的折磨有可能给她们造成毁灭性的打击。"
第四段：通过男女比较进一步说明女性所承受的压力的特点。
爱德琳·爱尔沃瑞茨18岁时结婚，并且育有一子，但是决心读完大学。"我为获得大学学位苦苦挣扎过。生活中面临那么多的挫折，所以上学并不断进步、做得更好，这对我来说意味着一种解脱。"那之后，她离了婚，成了一位单亲母亲。"照顾一个十几岁的少年,找工作,支付房租和汽车贷款以及还债是最艰难的事情了。我的薪水仅能维持生活。"
第五段：举例说明女性承受的严重的压力。   
爱尔沃瑞茨指出，并非每个人都会经历长期的严重压力，但是，如今的大多数女性都承担着太多的责任，没有片刻的休息，因此觉得很有压力。爱尔沃瑞茨的经历表明，要在压力威胁到你的健康和机能之前找到方法疏导它，这一点很重要。
第六段：说明女性学会缓解压力的重要性。