2008考研英语全题型高分强化教程(22)

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练习
I．Cloze
Even ___[U]1[/U]___ analysts disagree about the causal forces that ___[U]2[/U]___ globalization, most agree that globalization should be conceived as a relatively long-term process. The triad ___[U]3[/U]___ deterritorialization, interconnectedness, and social acceleration hardly ___[U]4[/U]___ a sudden or recent event in contemporary social life. Globalization is a __[U]_5[/U]___ feature of the modern world, and modern history includes many examples of globalization. As we saw above, nineteenth-century thinkers [U]__6[/U]__ at least some of its core features; the compression of territoriality composed an important element of their _[U]_7_[/U]_ experience. Nonetheless, some contemporary theorists believe that globalization has taken a particularly intense ___[U]8[/U]___ in recent decades, as innovations in communication, transportation, and information technologies (for ___[U]9[/U]___, computerization) have generated stunning new ___[U]10[/U]___ for simultaneity and instantaneousness. In this view, present-day intellectual interest in the problem of globalization can be___[U]11[/U]___ directly to the emergence of new high-speed technologies that tend to minimize the significance __[U]12[/U]__ distance and heighten possibilities for deterritorialization and social interconnectedness. Although the intense sense of territorial compression experienced by so many of our contemporaries is surely reminiscent of the experiences of ___[U]13[/U]___ generations, some contemporary writers nonetheless argue that it would be mistaken to obscure the countless ways in which ongoing transformations of the ___[U]14[/U]___ and temporal contours of human experience are especially far-reaching. While our nineteenth-century predecessors understandably  marveled __[U]15[/U]__ the railroad or the telegraph, a comparatively vast array of social activities is now being __[U]1[/U]6__ by innovations that ___[U]17[/U]___ social activity and considerably deepen longstanding __[U]_18[/U]___ towards deterritorialization and social interconnectedness. To be sure, the impact of deterritorialization, social interconnectedness, and social acceleration are by no means universal or uniform: migrant workers engaging in traditional forms of low-wage agricultural labor in the fields of southern California, for example, probably operate in a different spatial and temporal context than the Internet entrepreneurs of San Francisco or Seattle. Distinct assumptions about space and ___[U]19[/U]___ often coexist uneasily during a specific historical juncture. Nonetheless, the impact of recent technological innovations is profound, and even those who do not have a job directly __[U]20[/U]__ by the new technology are shaped by it in innumerable ways as citizens and consumers.
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1.[A] although          [B] the            [C] though             [D] those
2. [A] produce         [B] generate       [C] bring               [D] create
3.[A] in              [B] of              [C] at                 [D] on
4.[A] represented        [B] represent      [C] representing       [D] represents
5.[A] constant          [B] constitutive       [C] constituent        [D] constitutional
6.[A] gained             [B] arrested         [C] captured            [D] seized
7.[A] living              [B] alive       [C] lively              [D] lived
8.[A] place              [B] form             [C] style              [D] way
9.[A] example          [B] good             [C] ever               [D] once
10.[A] probability        [B] possibilities        [C] certainty          [D] certainties
11.[A] linked            [B] fastened         [C] associated        [D] connected
12.[A] at              [B] of               [C] with             [D] in
13.[A] early             [B] late                [C] later          [D] earlier
14.[A] spacious           [B] special           [C] specific           [D] spatial
15.[A] in              [B] with               [C] at               [D] for
16.[A] transformed      [B] transferred        [C] translated       [D] transported
17.[A] accelerate         [B] hasten             [C] hurry          [D] decelerate
18.[A] tendencies        [B] trends             [C] currents          [D] inclinations
19.[A] times            [B] timing             [C] timely             [D] time
20.[A] affection          [B] affected            [C] affectionate        [D] affect

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kyone

II. Reading Passages
Part A 阅读理解
Passage One
Globalization has transformed Bangalore into the fastest growing city in India after New Delhi. Between 1991 and 2001, the city's population experienced 38% growth. In 2005, Bangalore's population was estimated at just over six million people and is one of India's major economic hubs.
In the mid 1990s, Bangalore became host to dozens of multinational Information Technology (IT), which have been lured by the city's highly educated and relatively cheap labor force. Nearly 1,500 IT companies have set up business in Bangalore in the last two decades churning out 38% of India's $22 billion IT and software exports. This has given Bangalore status as India's high-tech capital, often nicknamed the Silicon Valley of India after Silicon Valley, California where the software boom of the 1990s began.
A significant portion of these multinational IT companies are business process outsourcing companies (BPOs) or call centers and have set up their operations in Bangalore to take advantage of its large body of English speaking university graduates. Bangalore has a literacy rate of about 86% and is home to about 25,000 of India's 220,000 computer engineers. The city also has top science and technology institutes such as the Indian Institute of Information Technology and the Indian Institute of Science, ranked one of the top 20 universities in the world.
A large portion of these engineers are young graduates in their 20s and 30s, just beginning their careers. The salaries they can earn by working at a call center often enable them to become financially independent. Twenty years ago before the software boom arrived in Bangalore, it was not easy for young people to earn such high wages. Traditionally and in part for financial reasons, Indian children were expected to live at home until marriage. Today, however, the situation is changing in places like Bangalore where young adults are offered new opportunities to earn a living from IT companies, which were not available to their parents a generation ago. Even though entry-level workers in the IT sector earn about $6,000 a year, this is still significantly more than their parents could have ever earned at that age.
Affluent, young Bangaloreans are taking advantage of their newfound wealth by moving away from their families to live on their own. Women especially are putting off starting a family to focus on their careers. Nearly half of new recruits for many IT companies are women. This has also meant a rise in the number of love marriages as opposed to marriages arranged by families and less emphasis on staying a virgin before marriage. According to [I]India[/I][I] Today magazine[/I], 25% of women ages 18 to 30 in Bangalore have sex before they are married. These trends began slowly in the 1970s and 1980s and accelerated with India's rise in wealth attributed to the software boom in the 1990s. This frequently results in a clash between older and younger generations. Parents feel they have less ability to influence their children's decisions while their children feel their parents' traditional expectations are unreasonable.
Western companies-keenly aware of the growth in wealth and change in lifestyle among Bangalor's noveau riche-have designed clever marketing campaigns to woo customers. The infiltration of western luxury goods has created a cultural shift toward materialism and consumerism. Realizing that more young people are living on their own, companies present their goods as outlets of individual expression. American and European brands market clothes, accessories, cars, perfume and even furniture as status symbols to show off one's own personal style. Magazine covers, television and cinema feature beautiful Indian movie stars sporting the latest Yves St. Laurent fashion or Coach handbag. Enjoying one's financial independence has come to mean spending loads of money on western products. Bangalore's increasing number of shopping centers and malls are comparable to any in the United States or Europe and capable of catering to the increasing demands of Bangalore's shoppers.  
1.Many multinational Information Technology have been attracted to Bangalore by ______.
[A]the city's abundant labor force
[B]the citizen's high education level
[C]the city's beautiful environments
[D]both A and B
2.Why in the past the Indian children were expected to live at home until marriage?
[A]Due to the traditional ideas and the immaturity of the children.
[B]Due to the financial situations and the immaturity of the children.
[C]Due to the traditional ideas and financial situations.
[D]Due to the immaturity of the children and the traditional ideas.
3.The phrase "entry-level workers" in paragraph four means ____.
[A]workers who join the company for a short time
[B]workers who belong to lower class
[C]workers who can only do simple work
[D]workers who are younger than others
4.Which one of the following is not belong to the characteristics of the Indian women in the past?
[A]They focused on the family.
[B]They all got a family-arranged marriage without any love.
[C]They usually stayed a virgin before marriage.
[D]Most of them got married early.
5.According to the passage, which statement is wrong?
[A]In the 1990s there emerged a software boom in India.
[B]It has become a trend since the 1960s for Bangalorian women ages 18 to 30 to have sex before marriage.
[C]The economic development has caused some unhappiness between different generations in this city.
[D]The Indian Institute of Information Technology belong to top science and technology institutes.
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Passage Two
Despite the hype in the international media about India's global integration, economic reform there has been halting and hesitant. Many cheerleaders of reform among corporate tycoons and financial columnists are unaware how unpopular reform is, rightly or wrongly, among the general public in India. In the National Election Survey 2004 more than two thirds of about 23,000 sample respondents who had any opinion on the subject say that the reforms benefit only the rich or none at all. Politicians are, of course, too savvy not to notice this. Even the ruling parties over the last decade that supported reforms played them down during election time. Any party that initiates some reforms is quick to oppose them once out of power.
This duplicity is currently on display within the left: In the states where they hold power, they are often driven by the inexorable logic of fiscal near-bankruptcy and competition for investment to be pro-reform; but in Delhi their leaders regularly indulge in ideological grandstanding. Opposition is not confined to the left. The recent reversal of a cabinet decision toward some privatization was under pressure from a non-left regional party. Trade unions of the right as well as left parties are opposed to privatization and labor reform. The Gandhians are vocal against the lifting of the policy of reservation, which currently limits more than 500 products-from bicycle parts to electronic equipment-exclusively for the small-scale industries. In the National Election Survey, respondents were asked about reduction in the size of government employees; among the poor, low-caste and indigenous respondents who had an opinion, the majority was opposed to such reduction. The newly emergent, hitherto subordinate, social groups, often represented by primarily caste-based or regional parties, as they capture state power and reserved jobs, are not keen to give up the loaves and fishes of office or reduce the role of the public sector.
Of course, politicians have also done a poor job of explaining reforms to the common people. If it was clear that electricity reform, which may involve a higher price, but implies a higher capacity for the public utility to provide less erratic power supply, or that deregulation means loosening the grip of corrupt inspectors over small enterprises, some opposition could decline.
What financial columnists call anti-reform populism is actually a product of the manifold inequalities and conflicts of Indian society. Data on inequality of household wealth distribution and that between the educated and uneducated classes suggest, along with the prevailing caste and other social inequalities, that India is one of the most unequal countries in the world. Severe educational inequality, worse in India than in Brazil, for example, makes it harder for many to absorb shocks in the industrial labor market, since education and training could provide some means of flexibility in adapting to market changes.
China, for example, was able to weather the disruptions and hardships of restructuring under a more intense process of global integration during the 1980s and 1990s due to its minimum rural safety net. This security was largely made possible by an egalitarian distribution of land-cultivation rights that followed the de-collectivization of 1978. In most parts of India, the poor have no similar rural safety net. So the resistance to the competitive process that market reform entails is that much stiffer in India.
In general, because of social heterogeneity and economic inequality, the social and political environment in India is conflict-ridden, and it is difficult in this environment to build consensus and organize collective action toward long-term reform and cooperative problem-solving efforts. When groups don't trust one another in the sharing of costs and benefits of long-run reform, there is the inevitable tendency to go for the "bird-in-hand" short-run subsidies and government handouts, which pile up as an enormous fiscal burden. Few politicians dare oppose the continuing serious under-pricing of water and electricity, the over-manning of the public payroll, and a longstanding refusal to tax the wealthiest farmers.
1.Why has economic reform in India been halting and hesitant?
[A]The reforms are not helpful for the Indian society.
[B]Most Indian people do not want any reform.
[C]The leaders are hesitant to carry out the reform.
[D]both A and B
2.Judging from the first sentence of Paragraph Two, the author's attitude towards the left leaders is ______.
[A]approving
[B]neutral
[C]critical
[D]affirmative
3.The word "weather" in the first sentence of paragraph five means ____.
[A] the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place
[B] to expose to the action of something
[C] changes of fortune
[D] to come through something safely
4.According to the passage, what may not be the cause of Indian people's opposition to the reforms?
[A]The reforms only benefit the rich.
[B]It is partly because of social heterogeneity and economic inequality.
[C]Politicians do not explain the reforms clearly to the common people.
[D]There is no rural safety net in most part of India.
5.Why few politicians dare oppose the existing problems in India?
[A]Because they have no authority to oppose.
[B]Because the Indian people are hard to administrate.
[C]Because the social and political environment of this country is an obstacle against any reform.
[D]Because there are too many "bird-in-hand" short-run subsides.

   

kythree

[B][U]练习答案与题解[/U][/B][B][U][/U][/B]
I．Cloze
1.[C]
结合下文判断，首句是转折复合句，even though是固定搭配，相当于although，表示"即使，即便，纵然"。
2.[B]
produce表示"生产、大规模生产"；generate表示"产生；形成，造成"；bring一般表示具体的动作"拿来，带来"，如果表示抽象意义上的"引发，导致"等意，一般要和副词搭配连用，比如bring about或bring on；create表示"创造，建立"。此处意为有许多因素形成了全球化，故选B。
3.[B]
triad一词可以表示"三人组合；三件一套（或组）"，虽然triad一词的形态有变化，但它后面的介词比较固定，都是of：a triad of或是the triad of，有时也可用复数，比如：three triads of...表示"三个三人组合，三个三件套"。
4.[D]
此项选择需要在上道题的基础上完成，要求掌握该句谓语动词represent的时态及主语的单复数。因为是一般性知识的介绍，所以用一般现在时，可以先排除[A]和[C]两项；由于本句triad一词前面的使用了定冠词the，因此of连接的三项内容都是the triad的同位语，所以主语是the triad，动词用单数；而如本句使用了不定冠词a，则a triad of相当于一个形容词，主语使用复数形式。
5.[B]
此题考查形态相似但意思不同的形容词的用法。constant表示"不变的，恒定的"； constitutive表示"本质的，基本的"；constituent表示"组成的；有权力制定或修改宪法的"；constitutional表示"体质的；宪法的"。根据该句意思及上下文判断，应该选[B]。
6.[C]
本题考查意思相近的动词的用法。gain表示"经过努力获得、取得"；arrest指"逮捕"；capture除了表示"捕获，俘获"之外，还可表示"捕捉到，被吸引"；seize表示"攫取，抓住"。此处说19世纪的思想家注意到了全球化的至少三个特点，所以选[C].
7.[D]
living指现存的，尚活着的；alive指有生命这一状态，多用作补语或后置定语；lively表示"活泼的，活跃的"；lived为动词live的过去分词形式，意为"已经经历的"，此处用来修饰experience，表示"过去的经历"，所以选[D]。
8.[B]
此句说全球化在最近几十年以特别密集的形式出现，take...form意为"采取......的形式"，所以选[B]。
9.[A]
四个选项中的词都可以和介词for搭配使用，但此处括号内的内容表示补充说明，应该是举例，所以选[A]。
10.[B]
probability表示"概率、几率"；possibility单数形式意为"可能，可能性"，但其复数形式则表示"潜在价值"；certainty表示"确定性，必然的事"。根据句意，应该选[B]。
11.[A]
选项中的四个动词都表示"与......相联系"。link和fasten常和to连用，但fasten表示具体的动作，尤其指用绳子等物进行固定的"绑，系"等动作；associate和connect则经常和with搭配使用。所以选[A]。
12.[B]
根据上下文可知，新兴的高速科技已经极大地降低了空间距离的重要性，所以选[B]，连接distance一词作significance的定语。
13.[D]
此句中的"contemporaries（当代人）"和"reminiscent（回忆）"等字样足以提示后面所指的应该是过去的或早期的经历。虽然都可以表示"早期的"，但是early和earlier有些微妙的区别：前者泛指"早期的"，而后者表示"与......相比是更早些的"，此处应该选[D]。
14.[D]
spacious意为"广大的，宽阔的"；special意为"特别的，专用的"；specific意为"明确的，特效的"；spatial意为"空间的"。结合本句句意和紧随其后的temporal一词判断，此处应该指"空间的"，而不是"宽敞的"。因此选[D]。
15.[C]
本题考查通特定动词搭配的介词的用法，to be marveled at...是固定用法，表示"惊异于......"，因此选[C]。类似的还有如to be surprised at, to be shocked at等。
16.[A]
本题四个选项的动词都有前缀trans-，表示"横过，贯穿"。transform意为"转变，改变"；transfer意为"迁移，移动"；translate意为"翻译，解释"；transport意为"运输"。句意说新发明改变了社会活动，所以选[A]。
17.[A]
从上题可知社会活动发生了变化。根据上下文，可知是新发明加速了社会生活的步伐，先排除[D]；accelerate 强调运动速度或事情进展的加快； hasten 指由于事情的急迫性快速或过快地取得某种结果；hurry指匆忙做某事，有混乱、妨碍精神集中的意味。因此，应该选[A]。
18.[B]
四个选项都可指一种行为或思想方向或过程。tendency暗含着以某一特定方式进行的倾向；trend经常指普遍的或流行的方向，尤指在某一特定领域的；current指思想观点等的路线或流动，尤指特定时间或地点的典型代表；inclination通常指个人爱好或喜欢此物甚于彼物的倾向。综上所述，应该选[B]。
19.[D]
前文出现过了的spatial and temporal的字样，空间和时间总是紧密相连的，可以判断[D]为正确答案。
20.[B]
此处的directly affected by the new technology修饰的是those。因为those一词是affect的施动对象，因此此处应该选用过去分词，表示被动关系。
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II. Reading Passages
Par A 阅读理解
Passage One
1.[D]
第二段的第一句话说，"In the mid 1990s, Bangalore became host to dozens of multinational Information Technology (IT), which have been lured by the city's highly educated and relatively cheap labor force."从这句话我们可以看出，这些IT行业是被该城市市民的高的教育层次和相对廉价的劳动力吸引了。
2.[C]
文章的第四段说到，"Traditionally and in part for financial reasons, Indian children were expected to live at home until marriage."这句话中traditionally，就是指一些传统观念。
3.[A]
这题是词汇题，我们只能根据entry一词来决定选项，该词表示a situation in which someone starts to take part in a system, a particular kind of work etc, or joins a group of people，从该词的解释我们可以判断，entry-level workers是指那些刚刚参加工作的、刚刚加入一家公司的工人，因此应该选[A]。
4.[B]
文章第五段尽管讲的是现在印度女性的一些情况，但是从这些描述中我们依然可以窥见过去女性的一些典型情况。第五段讲现在的女性推迟结婚、更关注的是事业、反对家庭安排的婚姻、并且越来越多人结婚时已不再是处女，从这些描述，我们可以推断出以前的女性更关注的是家庭、结婚早、结婚时多数还是处女、婚姻通常由家庭安排，但婚姻由家庭安排并不意味着婚姻中没有爱。所以选[B]。
5.[B]
由第二段的最后一句话可知[A]项正确；由第五段的"This frequently results in a clash between older and younger generations." 可知， [C]项正确；第三段的最后一句话说"The city also has top science and technology institutes such as the Indian Institute of Information Technology and the Indian Institute of Science, ranked one of the top 20 universities in the world. " 因此， [D]正确；由第五段"These trends began slowly in the 1970s and 1980s..."可知选项[B]错误，因此选择[B]项。
[疑难长句翻译与注解]
1.In the mid 1990s, Bangalore became host ... educated and relatively cheap labor force.
[译文] 20世纪90年代中期，班加罗尔因其城市教育层次高、劳动力价格相对廉价而迎来了许多的跨国信息技术公司。
[注解]in the mid 1990s要翻译成20世纪90年代中期， 另外翻译时要尽量用主动语态来翻译这个句子，这样更符合中文行文习惯。
2.A significant portion of these multinational IT companies ... university graduates.
[译文] 这些跨国信息技术公司中相当一部分属于商业环节中的外部采办公司(简称BPOs)或叫购买中心，他们在班加罗尔设立工作基地是为了利用该城市大量的讲英语的大学毕业生。
[注解] a significant portion of...表示"相当数量的......"；call centers是指"购买中心"；take advantage of表示"利用"。句末的不定式是表示目的。
3.Today, however, the situation is changing in places ... to their parents a generation ago.
[译文]但现在，班加罗尔等地的形势正在改变。在这些地方，IT公司为年轻人提供了赚钱过活的新机遇，而这些机遇是他们父母那一代人不曾遇到过的。
[注解]这句话比较复杂， where引导的是一个限制性定语从句，先行词是 places，而 which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是 new opportunities，由于这两个从句和先行词距离较远，因此，理解有难度，在翻译时也要注意明晰一些关键成分。
4.Western companies-keenly aware of the growth...designed clever marketing campaigns to woo customers.
[译文]西方的公司敏锐地察觉到班加罗尔的新富们对更加渴望得到财富，也更加渴望改变生活方式，因此，他们设计出了精明的行销活动来招徕顾客。
[注解] noveau riche是一个法语词，表示new rich people，这里尤其指找到了好工作的年轻人。两哥破折号之间的部分作为插入语，对western companies的现状进行了补充说明。
5.Bangalore's increasing number of shopping centers... demands of Bangalore's shoppers.  
[译文] 班加罗尔的购物中心越来越多，它们和美国或欧洲的购物中心数目相当，而且也能够迎合班加罗尔购物需求的增长。
[注解] be comparable to是指相似或相当，cater to表示供应伙食或迎合。在翻译时，为了能译出两个increasing的含意，我们得对句子进行切分，具体做法如参考译文所示。
Passage Two
1.[B]
第一段说，"Many cheerleaders of reform among corporate tycoons and financial columnists are unaware how unpopular reform is, rightly or wrongly, among the general public in India."从这句话我们可以看出，不管改革是正确的还是错的，在印度的大众心目中都是不受欢迎的。因此选[B]。
2.[C]
这一题主要考查考生的理解能力。文章的第二段的一开头就展现了左派领导的两面作风，由于受到投资竞争和破产的威胁，他们赞成改革，但是同时又贪恋意识形态的正面舞台，也就是说又想迎合公众的心理，很明显，作者对这种做法持嘲讽批判态度。
3.[D]
这题是词汇题，是要考查考生的理解和分析能力，首先这里的weather用作动词，因此可以排除掉[A]和[C]；另外，从上下文可以判断这里显然是在称赞中国改革的成功，因此只能选[D]
4.[A]
文章第一段说到"...respondents who had any opinion on the subject say that the reforms benefit only the rich or none at all."可见这只是回答者自己的观点，事实情况也许并不是这样，而且从长期来看，有些改革是全民都会受益的，所以[A]的表述不够正确和全面；根据文章第三段的"Of course, politicians have also done a poor job of explaining reforms to the common people."可以判断[C]的表述是符合事实的；根据文章第五段的"In most parts of India, the poor have no similar rural safety net."可知[D] 的表述也是符合事实的；而从第四段的第一句话"What financial columnists call anti-reform populism is actually a product of the manifold inequalities and conflicts of Indian society." 可知[B] 的表述也是原因之一。因此只有[A]项说的不属于印度人反对改革的原因，因此选[A]。
5.[C]
从最后一段的表述，我们可以得知，印度的政治家不敢反对社会中存在的一些不合理的东西的根本原因不在于政治家们个人的能力、或是百姓的不合作，根本原因还是社会环境和政治环境不利于改革的推行。
[疑难长句翻译与注解]
1.Even the ruling parties over the last decade that supported reforms ... during election time.
[译文] 就连过去十年支持改革的执政党在选举时也不得不贬低那些改革。
[注解]这句话中的even是个副词，表示"甚至，连......"，用于加强语气。这里表现了那个执政党的无奈。that引导的是个定语从句，先行词是the ruling parties；play down表示"降低，贬低，减少"，这里是指通过贬低改革来拉取选票。
2.This duplicity is currently on display within the left:...in ideological grandstanding.
[译文] 目前，左派内部淋漓尽致地展现了这种两面作风：在他们掌权的那些州，因为常常受到无情的财政濒临破产和投资竞争的趋势，他们赞成改革；但是在德里，他们的领导定期地沉迷于意识形态的正面舞台。
[注解]这句话比较长，因此在翻译时，要注意句子层次的把握。to be pro-reform是用不定式表示结果，所以在翻译的时候，可以用关联词"因为......，所以......"。indulge in表示"沉迷于"。
3.Data on inequality of household wealth distribution ...most unequal countries in the world.
[译文]有数据显示家庭财产分配不均，受教育和没有受过教育的阶层之间存在着不均，这些数据还暗示出，随着世袭等级和其他社会不均的盛行，印度已经加入了世界上最不平均国家的行列。
[注解]这句话比较复杂，第一个that指代前面的inequality；第二个that引导的是个宾语从句，做suggest的宾语。另外data带了一个很长的后置定语，翻译的时候必须进行调整。
4.China, for example, was able to weather the disruptions...rural safety net.
[译文]比如，中国由于有最小化的农村安全网，因此，在20世纪80年代和90年代发生的一场更加激烈的全球同化过程中，能够经受住整改中的分裂和艰难。
[注解] 这句话的状语部分比较复杂。under a more intense process of global integration during the 1980s and 1990s是时间状语，due to its minimum rural safety net是原因状语。在翻译时，根据中文行文习惯，一般将原因状语放在前面。
5.So the resistance to the competitive process that market reform entails is that ... in India.
[译文]因此，印度人才会如此强烈地抵制市场改革随之带来的竞争过程。
[注解] 这句话很短，但是翻译起来很有难度。原句是以resistance作主语，这个词带了很长的定语，如果照着翻一定会头重脚轻。因此，要将该词的施动者明晰化，这样有利于句子的组织。