黑暗版考研英语历年阅读真题解析 2002

考研网

2002 Text 1  
　　If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to [B]identify[/B] shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be [B]relevant[/B] to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in [B]sympathy[/B] with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; [B]alternatively[/B] if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
　　Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' [B]convention[/B], of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and [B]stomp[/B]s over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
　　If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be [B]appropriate[/B] for you to make a passing remark about the [B]inedible[/B] canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will [B]resent[/B] an outsider making [B]disparaging[/B] remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to [B]scapegoat[/B]s like the Post Office or the telephone system.
　　If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few [B]casual[/B] and apparently [B]off-the-cuff[/B] remarks which you can [B]deliver[/B] in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the [B]delivery[/B] which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a [B]light-hearted[/B] remark.
　　Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a [B]familiar[/B] quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for [B]exaggeration[/B] and [B]understatement[/B]s. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
41. To make your humor work, you should ________.
　　[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
　　[B] make fun of the disorganized people
　　[C] address different problems to different people
　　[D] show sympathy for your listeners
42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.
　　[A] impolite to new arrivals
　　[B] very conscious of their godlike role
　　[C] entitled to some [B]privilege[/B]s
　　[D] very busy even during lunch hours
43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
　　[A] have benefited many people
　　[B] are the focus of public attention
　　[C] are an [B]inappropriate[/B] subject for humor
　　[D] have often been the laughing stock
44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.
　　[A] in well-worded language
　　[B] as awkwardly as possible
　　[C] in exaggerated statements
　　[D] as casually as possible
45. The best title for the text may be ________.
　　[A] Use Humor [B]Effectively[/B]
　　[B] Various Kinds of Humor
　　[C] Add Humor to Speech
　　[D] Different Humor Strategies
[B]重点词汇[/B][B]：[/B]
[B]identify [/B]/ai5dentifai/[B] [/B]（辨别；视为同一）即ident+ify，ident词根“同一”，-ify动词后缀“使……”；identification（识别；身份证明）←identify去y加-ication名词后缀；identical（同一的）←ident+ical形容词后缀。Any man over thiry identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is capable of.任何过了三十岁的人都把自己的青年时代视为自认所能犯下的最大错误。
[B]relevant [/B]/5relivEnt/[B] [/B]（相关的；意义重大的）即re+lev+ant，re-前缀，lev词根“升，举”，-ant形容词后缀，故“从……升起的”→“源自……的”→相关的。同根词：elevate（升举，提高）←e+lev+ate；elevator（电梯，升降机）←e+lev+at(e)+or。The discovery and use of knowledge has always been relevant to a humane future.对于一个人道的未来，知识的发现与运用一直是关系重大的。
[B]sympathy [/B]/5simpEWi/[B] [/B]（n.同情；共鸣）即sym+path+y，sym-（=syn-，在p前n变形为m以方便发音，前缀“同”），path词根“感情”，-y抽象名词后缀；sympathize/sympathise（v.同情；共鸣），-ize/-ise为动词后缀；sympathetic（同情的；共鸣的）←sym+path+etic形容词后缀。Next to love, sympathy is the divinest passion of the human heart.同情心是人类心中仅次于爱的最神圣的情感。Anybody can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friend's success.人人都能同情朋友的痛苦，然而共享朋友的成功需要非常优良的品性。To be sympathetic without discrimination is so very debilitating.有同情心而无识别力是多么虚弱。Reading is not merely sympathizing and understanding; it is also criticizing and judging.阅读不仅是同情与理解，也是批评与判断。
[B]alternatively [/B]/R:l5t\:nEtivli/[B] [/B]（二者择一地；另外）←alter改变+nat(e)+ive+ly；alternative（二者择一的；供选择的事物）←alter+nat(e)+ive；alternate（v.交替；交替的）←alter+nate。Love's alternate joy and woe.爱情就是交替的欢乐与痛苦。The more alternative, the more difficult the choice.可选择的东西越多，就越难选择。guangxian注：哲学家布里丹的虚拟驴子在两堆等距离等体积的谷堆面前饿死。
[B]convention [/B]/kEn5venFEn/[B] [/B]（大会；惯例；公约）即con+ven(t)+tion，con-一起，ven(t)来，-tion名词后缀，故“人们来到一起”→开“大会”，而“大会制定的规则”即是“公约”，公约遵守时间长了就成为“惯例”。The danger doesn't lie in the hypothetical disasters of revolution, but in conventions impeding progress.危险不在于革命的臆测的灾难，而在于阻碍进步的成规。
[B]stomp [/B]/stCmp/[B] [/B]（n.v.重踏）←stamp（邮票；标志）也有相同含义，想象“猛盖邮戳”→重踏。
[B]appropriate [/B]/E5prEupriit/[B] [/B]（适当的）即ap+propri+ate，ap-前缀加强语气，propri看作proper（适当的），-ate后缀；[B]inappropriate [/B]/7inE5prEupriit/[B] [/B]（不适当的）←in否定前缀+appropriate。Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme diseases.烈性药物对于重病是非常适宜的。←这句话是西方医学之父希波克拉底说的。
[B]inedible [/B]/in5edibl/[B] [/B]（不可食的）←in否定前缀+ed(=eat)+ible能……的。
[B]resent [/B]/ri5zent/[B] [/B]（v.愤怒、怨恨）即re+sent，re（=against反对），sent（=sense感觉），于是“在感觉上反对”→愤恨。People don't resent having nothing nearly as much as too little.人们所不满的往往是太少，而不是没有。
[B]disparaging [/B]/dis5pAridViN/[B] [/B]（轻视的）←dis否定前缀+par平等+ag(e)后缀+ing后缀。
[B]scapegoat [/B]/5skeip^Eut/[B] [/B]（替罪羊）可这样记：escape（n.v.逃跑）←e+scape，把e看作ex-，则scape就是没有“离开”的→“逃不掉的”→“留下来替罪的”，于是scape+goat→替罪羊。与“羊”有关的另一习语：black sheep（害群之马；败家子），源自谚语There is a black sheep in every flock.
[B]casual [/B]/5kAVjuEl/[B] [/B]（偶然的；漫不经心的）即cas降落+ual后缀；casualty（严重意外事故；伤亡者）←cas+ual+ty名词后缀。As sheer casual reading-matter, I still find the English dictionary the most interesting books in our language.作为纯粹随意浏览的读物，我还是觉得英语词典是以我们的语言写成的最有趣的书。
[B]off-the-cuff[/B] 即席的。
[B]deliver [/B]/di5livE/[B] [/B]（v.传递；释放；发表；分娩）即de+liver，de-前缀“使”，liver(=liber)词根“自由”，于是从“使自由”推出deliver的各项含义；[B]delivery [/B]/di5livEri/[B] [/B]（传递）←deliver+y名词后缀。Lord, deliver me from myself.主啊，解放不能自拔的我吧。The day of the printed word is far from ended. Swift as is the delivery of the radio bulletin, graphic as is television's eyewitness picture, the task of adding meaning and clarity remains urgent.印刷文字的时代远未结束。尽管广播新闻传递迅速，电视现场画面生动，补充事件含义进而澄清事实的任务仍旧是迫切的。
[B]light-hearted[/B] 轻松愉快的。
[B]familiar [/B]/fE5miljE/[B] [/B]（熟悉的；亲近的）即famil(y)+iar形容词后缀，“感觉像家一样的”；familiarity（熟悉）←familiar+ity名词后缀。The two most engaging powers of an author are to make new things familiar, and familiar things new.作家最吸引人的两种力量，是使新鲜的事物变得熟悉，和使熟悉的事物变得新鲜。familiarity — the opiate of the imagination 熟悉——想象力的麻醉剂。
[B]exaggeration [/B]/i^7zAdVE5reiFEn/[B] [/B]（夸张）←ex加强语气+agger堆积+ation名词后缀；exaggerate（夸张）←ex+agger+ate动词后缀。We exaggerate misfortune and happiness alike. We are never either so wretched or so happy as we say we are.不幸和幸福被我们同样夸大了。我们从不像我们所说的那么痛苦，也从不那么快乐。exaggeration — a truth that has lost its temper 夸张——发脾气的真理。
[B]understatement [/B]/QndE5steitmEnt/[B] [/B]（掩饰；轻描淡写的陈述）←under+statement；反义词：overstatement（夸大的陈述）←over+statement。
[B]privilege [/B]/5privilidV/[B] [/B]（n.优惠；特权v.给予优惠或特权）即privi+leg+e，privi(=private)词根“私人的”，leg词根“法律”（如legal“法律的；合法的”←leg+al），e为小词，于是“私人的法律”→特权。To have become a deeper man is the privilege of those who have suffered.变得更加深谋远虑是受过磨难的人的特权。
[B]effectively [/B]/i5fektivli/[B] [/B]（有效地）即ef+fect+ive+ly，ef-前缀表“加强”，fect词根“做”，-ive形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀；去ly即为形容词effective。The most effective water power in the world — women's tears.世界上最有效的水力——女人的眼泪。effective communication — 20 per cent what you know and 80 per cent how you feel about what you know 有效的交际——20%你所了解的东西加80%你对所了解的东西的感受。
[B]难句解析[/B][B]：[/B]
①Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.
▲该句是一个复杂单句，句子的主语是your humor，后面有两个平行的谓语must be和should help，它们后面分别有其宾语。其中should help后面的宾语是不定式to show，而它的宾语比较复杂，是两个并列的宾语从句：that you are one of them和that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view，中间用or连接。
△本句结构比较简明，只需注意show them后面是两个并列的宾语从句就可以了。后面的宾语从句中有个很有用的词组in sympathy with，表示同情、同意、赞同。
②If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.
▲if引导了一个条件从句，而后面的主句是两个子句构成的并列句。在第一个子句you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you中又有一个定语从句which are common to all of you来修饰the experiences and problems，而后面的子句的结构是一个it is adj. for sb. to do sth.的结构。
△要看懂本句，重点在于要把后面的两个子句断开，并分别理解。
③Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
▲该句是一个祈使句。谓语是include，宾语是remarks，后面有一个定语从句修饰它。
△注意该句的特性。另外注意off-the-cuff的意思。
④Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
▲整句可以看成是由so连接的并列句，前后有一定的因果关系。前面的子句是一个强调结构，而后面又是一个祈使句，其谓语动词是speak和remember。而remember后面又是一个很长的宾语从句。
△要理解前后的因果关系。
[B]试题解析[/B][B]：[/B]
41. [B][C][/B]
　　此题较容易，区分度好。
　　本题考的是局部信息。考生只要看懂了第一段第三句话“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different”以及后面的supporting evidence，就能够准确地回答本题。
42. [B][B][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度不太理想。
　　本题的关键是看学生是否理解第二段结尾St．Peter的话。有42.8％的考生选C项是因为没有理解St．Peter的话，而把注意力放在了医生的所作所为上，即医生把新来的人推到一边，冲到队伍的最前面等等，因而给人一种他享有特权的印象。
43. [B][D][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　本题的关键是第三段的最后一句话，意思是：你去开邮局或电话系统（即public services）的玩笑则比较安全，不会有冒犯什么人的危险，同时本句中还出现了一个关键词“scapegoats”，说明public services常常成为人们的笑柄。
44. [B][D][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　本题主要考第四段的内容。其中有一些关键词，如：“natural”，“relaxed”，“unforced”，“light-hearted”等。只要考生看懂了这些词的意思，这道题就很容易了。
45. [B][A][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　这道题考的是对全文的理解，是一道总括题。答总括题需要利用全文的信息。从全文各段的内容来看，文章主要是讲如何有效地使用幽默。采用排除法很容易确定本题的答案。
[B]全文翻译[/B][B]：[/B]
　　如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。你的幽默必须与听众有关，能够向他们显示你是他们的一员，或者你了解他们的情况，同情他们的观点。根据与你谈话的不同对象，问题也有所不同。如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书的工作方法紊乱；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论她们老板的工作方法紊乱。
　　下面举一个例子，它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。一个人到了天堂，由圣彼得带着他参观。他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善，然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只见这人挤到了队伍的前头，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。“这是谁啊？”新来的人问圣彼得，“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。”
　　如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会很安全。
　　如果你在幽默时感到很别扭，你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑，因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。
　　留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功，就放弃”，或者是玩弄语言和情景。留意夸张和打折扣的话。考虑一下你的谈话，选出一些词汇和句子，颠倒它们的秩序，并注入一些幽默。

kysix

2002 Text 2
　　Since the dawn of human [B]ingenuity[/B], people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, [B]burdensome[/B], or just plain [B]nasty[/B]. That [B]compulsion[/B] has resulted in [B]robotics[/B] — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
　　As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent [B]gizmo[/B]s whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories [B]hum[/B] to the rhythm of robot [B]assembly[/B] arms. Our banking is done at automated teller [B]terminal[/B]s that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless [B]robo-driver[/B]s. And thanks to the continual [B]miniaturization[/B] of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
　　But if robots are to reach the next stage of [B]laborsaving [/B]utility, they will have to operate with less human [B]supervision [/B]and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a [B]specific [/B]error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to [B]reliably [/B]interact with a dynamic world."
　　Indeed the quest for true [B]artificial [/B]intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
　　What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human [B]perception [/B]far more [B]complicated[/B] — than [B]previously [/B]imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is [B]irrelevant[/B], [B]instantaneously [/B]focusing on the m[I]onkey[/I] at the side of a winding forest road or the single [B]suspicious [/B]face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and [B]neuroscientists [/B]still don't know quite how we do it.
46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
　　[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction
　　[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
　　[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
　　[D] the [B]elite[/B]'s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.
　　[A] programs
　　[B] experts
　　[C] devices
　　[D] creatures
48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ________.
　　[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
　　[B] interact with human beings verbally
　　[C] have a little common sense
　　[D] respond independently to a changing world
49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
　　[A] make a few decisions for themselves
　　[B] deal with some errors with human intervention
　　[C] improve factory environments
　　[D] cultivate human creativity
50. The author uses the example of a m[I]onkey[/I] to argue that robots are ________.
　　[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure
　　[B] able to [B]perceive [/B]abnormalities immediately
　　[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
　　[D] best used in a controlled environment
[B]
[/B]
[B]重点词汇[/B][B]：[/B]
[B]ingenuity [/B]/7indVi5nju:iti/[B] [/B]（独创性；灵活性）←ingenu+ity，ingenu（=ingenious独创的；灵活的），-ity名词后缀。
[B]burdensome [/B]/5bE:dnsEm/[B] [/B]（繁重的；难以负担的）←burden负担+some形容词后缀。What a heavy burden is a name that has become famous.广为人知的名字是多么沉重的负担啊。
[B]nasty [/B]/5nAsti/[B] [/B]（讨厌的；肮脏的；下流的……）Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way.外交就是以最优雅的方式办最nasty的事，说最nasty的话。←nasty在此句实在不好翻译。
[B]compulsion [/B]/kEm5pQlF(E)n/[B] [/B]（强制）即com一起+puls(=drive)+ion名词后缀，“不由分说全拖到一起”→强制；compulsory（强制的；必修的）←com+puls+ory形容词后缀。compulsion — a highbrow term for a temptation we're not trying too hard to resist 强制——对人们并不想坚持拒绝的诱惑的一种高雅说法。Bodily exercise, when compulsory, does no harm to the body; but knowledge which is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind.强制的身体锻炼不会损害身体，但被迫学习的知识占据不了头脑。←柏拉图老师说的。
[B]robotics [/B]/rEu5bCtiks/[B] [/B]（机器人学）即robot+ics，robot机器人，-ics后缀表“学科”，如physics、aesthetics（美学）。[B]robo-driver[/B]即robot driver。
[B]assembly [/B]/E5sembli/[B] [/B]（集会；装配）是assemble的名词形式，-y为名词后缀；assemble谐音“啊，三步”，曹植七步成诗，而“装配”只需三步（三个步骤）！In most communities it is illegal to cry "fire" in a crowded assembly.在大多数社会中，在拥挤的集会上喊“着火啦”是违法的。
[B]terminal [/B]/5tE:minl/[B] [/B]（终端的；期末的；终端；终点站）←termin期限+al后缀；terminate（中止）←termin+ate动词后缀，施瓦辛格演的电影《终结者》就叫Terminator（-or后缀表“人”）。It's all right to have a train of thoughts, if you have a terminal.想法成串并没关系，只要有个止点。
[B]miniaturization [/B]/7miniEtFErai5zeiFEn/[B] [/B]（小型化）即mini+atur(e)+iz(e)+ation；mini词根“小”（比如有个好东西叫mini skirt），-ature名词后缀，-ize动词后缀，-ation名词后缀；miniature（小型的；缩影）←mini+ature。A day is a miniature of eternity.一天是永恒的缩影。
[B]laborsaving [/B]/5leibE7seiviN/[B] [/B]（节省劳力的）←labor劳动+saving节省的。
[B]supervision [/B]/7sju:pE5viVEn/[B] [/B]（监督）即super+vis+ion，super-前缀“在上面”，vis词根“看”（如visual→vis+ual形容词后缀→视觉的），-ion名词后缀。
[B]specific [/B]/spi5sifik/[B] [/B]（具体的；特定的；特效药）即speci+fic，speci词根=species（种类），-fic形容词后缀“使成为……的”，故“使成为某个具体种类的”→特定的。Time and again I have emerged from a course of reading in philosophy with the conviction that the authors were really avoiding specific problems by converting them into tenuous sophistries that have very little real meaning.我一再退出对哲学的钻研，深信作者们确实是在以将具体问题换成几乎没有实际意义的贫乏诡辩来躲避它们。
[B]reliable [/B]/ri5laiEbl/[B] [/B]（可靠的）←reli+able，reli即rely（v.依赖；信任），-able后缀“可……的”。Without criticism and reliable and intelligent reporting, the government can not govern.没有批评和可靠而明智的新闻报道，政府无法统治。
[B]artificial [/B]/7B:ti5fiFEl/[B] [/B]（人工的，人造的）即art+i+fic+ial，art词根“人工”，-i-连结元音，fic词根“做”，-ial形容词后缀。Of all artificial relations formed between mankind, the most capricious and variable is that of author and reader.在人与人之间形成的所有人为关系中，最变化无常的是作者与读者的关系。artificial intelligence — the art of making computers that behave like the ones in movies 人工智能——制造电脑的艺术，使它们的行为像电影里的人一样。
[B]perception [/B]/pE5sepFEn/[B] [/B]（感觉；理解）即per+cept+ion，per-前缀“全部”，cept词根“抓”（=capt，因为元音可替换，capture→capt+ure后缀→n.v.捕获），-ion名词后缀，故“把外界信息‘全部’‘抓住’”→感知。The perception of beauty is a moral test.对美的理解是道德的检验。
[B]complicated [/B]/5kCmplikeitid/[B] [/B]（复杂的；难解的）即com+plic+at(e)+ed，com-前缀“一起”，plic词根“折叠”，-ate动词后缀+-ed后缀“已……的”，故“全都折叠在一起的”→复杂的；complicate（使复杂）←com+plic+ate；complication（复杂情况；并发症）←com+plic+ation。I never blame failures — there are too many complicated situations in life, but I am absolutely merciless toward lack of effort.我从不责备失败——生活中复杂的情况实在太多，但对于不努力，我绝不宽恕。
[B]previously [/B]/5pri:vjjEsli/[B] [/B]（先前地）即previous+ly，previous（先前的）即pre+vi+ous，pre-前缀“在前的”，vi(=via)词根“路”，-ous形容词后缀，故“在前面就上路的”→先前。A creative artist works on his next composition because he is not satisfied with his previous one.有创造性的艺术家致力于自己的下一个作品，因为他不满意前一个。
[B]irrelevant [/B]/i5relivEnt/[B] [/B]（不相关的）即ir+relevant，ir-否定前缀（=in-，在r前n变形为r），[B]relevant [/B]/5relivEnt/[B] [/B]（相关的）参2002年Text 1。
[B]instantaneously [/B]/7instEn5teinjEsli/[B] [/B]（瞬间地）即instant+aneous+ly，instant单词“立刻的；速溶的；瞬间），-aneous形容词后缀。
[B]suspicious [/B]/sEs5piFEs/[B] [/B]（可疑的；多疑的）←suspic(=suspect)怀疑+ious。Plagiarists are always suspicious of being stolen from.剽窃者总是疑心文字被人盗用。
[B]neuroscientist [/B]/7nju[r[u5sai[ntist/[B] [/B]（神经科学家）←neuro(=nerve)+scientist。
[B]perceive [/B]/pE5si:v/ （察觉；感知）即per+ceive，是perception（见前述）的动词形式，per-前缀“全部”，ceive词根“抓”。同根词：receive（v.收到）←re(=back)+ceive，“抓回来”；deceive（v.欺骗）←de在下面+ceive，“在下面搞小动作”。There are no new truths, but only truths that have not been recognised by those who have perceived them without noticing.没有什么新的真理，只有人们不经意地感觉到但没有认识到的真理。Growing old is not upsetting, being perceived as old is.变老并不令人烦恼，除非别人认为你老了。
[B]elite [/B]/ei5li:t/ （精英）用谐音记：“爱理他”→“精英人士”每个人都爱理他。
[B]gizmo [/B]/5^izmEu/ 小发明；[B]hum [/B]/hQm/ 嗡嗡声、轰鸣声。
[B]难句解析[/B][B]：[/B]
①Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
▲该句是一个复杂单句，前面是since引导的一个时间状语，这个地方的dawn取其比喻的意思，表示早期。后面主句中有一个定语从句that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty用来修饰work。
△本句结构比较简明，但是有一些词的意思比较难：ingenuity创造性，灵活性；nasty讨厌的。
②As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
▲本句的主句是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，后面是两个定语从句，中间用but来引导。
△要看懂本句，重点在于看到gizmo一词后面的两个定语从句。在本句中，认不认识gizmo并不重要，因为从上下文中可以看出它和robot的意思应该大同小异。
③There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
▲该句是一个there be的结构，注意robot systems后面有一个修饰它的定语从句。而后面的破折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰submillimeter accuracy。
△注意该句中的最核心的部分是robot systems，其它成分都是围绕着它来展开的。
④But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge.
▲整句是一个条件句，注意后面的主句比较复杂，里面有两个并列的谓语，而后面破折号引导的是一个补充说明成分，修饰整个主句。
△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系。
⑤But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
▲整句的主干部分是这样的，主语the human mind，并列谓语glimpse和disregard，逗号后面instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd这一部分做状语，修饰谓语。
△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系并抓住句子的主干成分。
[B]试题解析[/B][B]：[/B]
46. [B][C][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　本题是一个局部题，主要考查考生是否看懂了第一段，尤其是“That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines”这句话。这句话的意思是：（发明一些灵巧的工具来从事一些危险、乏味、繁重，或者是讨厌的工作）这样一种需求导致了机器人技术的产生，即赋予机器以人的各种技能的科学。
47. [B][C][/B]
　　此题偏易，区分度很好。
　　本题是考查考生从上下文猜测词义的能力。根据第二段中出现的“robot assembly arms”，“automated teller terminals”，“tireless robo-drivers”等信息，考生可以猜出“gizmos”是“设备、装置”的意思。
48. [B][D][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度很好。
　　本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery的第二句话，即“we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思。
49. [B][B][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery说的第一句话，即“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,”即我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个具体的错误。看懂了这句话，这道题就很容易了。
50. [B][C][/B]
　　此题属于很容易的题目，区分度好。
　　本题考的是文章最后一段的意思。该段的主要意思是：机器人能够在很短的时间内发现机器的问题，而人脑能很快忽略不相关的信息，而将注意力集中到相关的信息上来，这是先进的机器人都做不到的。
[B]全文翻译[/B][B]：[/B]
　　从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。
　　由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏；我们的金融服务完成于自动柜员机旁，完成业务后，它们还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们；我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶。由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。
　　但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误，”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说，“我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的‘常识’，使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。”
　　实际上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使他们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年。
　　在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98％的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能仿效这种能力，并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。

kyfour

2002 Text 3  
　　Could the bad old days of economic [B]decline [/B]be about to return? Since [B]OPEC [/B]agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices [B]quadruple[/B]d, and 1979-1980, when they also almost [B]triple[/B]d. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit [B]inflation [/B]and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of [B]gloom [/B]and [B]doom [/B]this time?
　　The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq [B]suspend[/B]ed oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.
　　Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic [B]consequence[/B]s now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
　　Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy [B]conservation[/B], a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil [B]consumption[/B]. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The [B]OECD [/B]estimates in its latest [I]Economic Outlook[/I] that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of [B]GDP[/B]. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies — to which heavy industry has shifted — have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
　　One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A [B]sizable [/B]portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. [I]The Economist[/I]'s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.
　　[A] global inflation
　　[B] reduction in supply
　　[C] fast growth in economy
　　[D] Iraq's [B]suspension [/B]of exports
52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.
　　[A] price of crude rises
　　[B] commodity prices rise
　　[C] consumption rises
　　[D] oil taxes rise
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________.
　　[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive
　　[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices
　　[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed
　　[D] oil price changes have no [B]significant[/B] impact on GDP
54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.
　　[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now
　　[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks
　　[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices
　　[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry
55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________.
　　[A] optimistic
　　[B] sensitive
　　[C] [B]gloomy [/B]
　　[D] scared
[B]
[/B]
[B]重点词汇[/B][B]：[/B]
[B]decline [/B]/di5klain/[B] [/B]（n.v.下降；衰落v.谢绝）←de向下+cline倾斜；同根词：incline（v.倾斜；倾向于n.斜坡）←in(=to)+cline。People decline invitations when they are "indisposed" physically, and I wish they would do likewise when they fell indisposed emotionally.人们在身体“不适”时谢绝邀请，我希望他们在觉得情绪上不适时也能同样做。We perceive when love begins and when it declines by our embarrassment when alone together.我们由仅余两人时的局促不安察觉爱情于何时发生，何时减退。
[B]OPEC[/B]（石油输出国组织）即Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries。
[B]scary [/B]/5skZEri/[B] [/B]（引起惊慌的）即scar(e)+y，scare（n.v.惊恐），-y形容词后缀。More powerful creation may scare many people away, but more intrepid people will be captivated by it.更加强有力的作品可能吓退许多人，但比较勇敢的人们会被它吸引住。
[B]quadruple [/B]/5kwCdrupl/[B] [/B]（四倍的；使成四倍；四倍）即quadru+ple，quadru-前缀“四”(=quarter)，ple词根“折叠”，complicated所含的词根plic也是“折叠”的意思（参2002年Text 2）。
[B]triple [/B]/5tripl/[B] [/B]（三倍的；使成三倍；三倍）即tri+ple，tri-前缀“三”，如triangle（三角形）←tri+angle角。
[B]inflation [/B]/in5fleiFEn/[B] [/B]（膨胀；通货膨胀；自夸）即in+flat+ion，in-(=into)，flat词根“吹”，-ion名词后缀，故“往里面吹”→膨胀。Inflation: When nobody has enough money because everybody has too much.通货膨胀：由于人人钱太多而谁的钱都不够的时候。inflation — the period when the standard of living continues to rise until the people can't afford it 通货膨胀——生活水平持续上升直到人们负担不起的时期。
[B]gloom [/B]/^lu:m/[B] [/B]（v.n.阴暗；忧愁），形容词为[B]gloomy [/B]/5^lu:mi/[B] [/B]（阴暗的；阴沉的），那首据说有杀人魔力的歌曲就叫Gloomy Sunday。Love is the flame of life, without it, everything in life becomes gloomy.爱是生命的火焰，没有它，生命中的一切都变得暗淡无光。
[B]doom [/B]/du:m/[B] [/B]（n.厄运v.注定）。A society that gives to one class all the opportunities for leisure, and to another all the burdens of work, dooms both classes to spiritual sterility.一个将闲暇的全部机会都给予一个阶级，而将劳作的全部重负都给予另一个阶级的社会，注定了两个阶级都处于精神贫瘠。
[B]suspend [/B]/sEs5pend/[B] [/B]（v.悬挂；延缓）即sus+pend，sus-前缀“在下面”，pend词根“挂”，故“暂且挂在下面不管”→搁置；名词形式为[B]suspension [/B]/sEs5penFEn/[B] [/B]←sus+pens挂+ion。The best of men cannot suspend their fate.最好的人也无法推迟死亡。
[B]consequence [/B]/5kCnsikwEns/[B] [/B]（后果；重要性）←con+sequ(=follow)+ence。It is easy to dodge our responsibilities, but we cannot dodge the consequences of dodging our responsibilities.逃避责任很容易，但逃避责任的后果我们却无法逃避。With books, as with companions, it is of more consequence to know which to avoid, than which to chuse（chuse是古英语=choose）.读书如交友，懂得避开哪些比懂得选择哪些更重要。
[B]conservation[/B] /7kCnsE(:)5veiFEn/[B] [/B]（保护；保存；守恒）即con+serv(e)+ation，con-前缀“全部”，serve词根“保持”(=keep)，-ation名词后缀；动词为conserve←con+serve。A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.不具备某种变革手段的国家也不具备保存自己的手段。
[B]energy-intensive[/B] 能源密集型。
[B]consumption [/B]/kEn5sQmpFEn/[B] [/B]（消费量，消耗）即consum(e)+ption，consume（v.消费，消耗），-ption名词后缀，m后加p便于发音，如assume（假定；承担；呈现）→assumption、presume（v.假设）→presumption。Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure.引人注目地挥霍贵重财物是有闲绅士取得名声的手段。We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.我们没有权利享用幸福而不创造幸福，正像没有权力享用财富而不创造财富一样。
[B]consultancy [/B]/kEn5sQltEnsi/[B] [/B]（顾问工作；咨询业）←consult+ancy名词后缀；consult（v.商量；查询；会诊）←比consul（领事）在最后多字母t，“他(t)去找‘领事’‘商量’”，名词为consultation←consult+ation名词后缀。Well, one can always consult a man and ask him: "Would you like your head cut off tomorrow?" and after he has said: "I would rather not", cut it off. Consultation is a vagues and elastic term.是的，什么时候都可以跟一个人商量，问他：“你愿意明天被砍头吗？”接着，在他说了“我不愿意”之后，砍掉他的脑袋。磋商是个含糊的带弹性的词。←这是英国老流氓丘吉尔说的，意思是：既然不愿意明天砍头，那么就在今天砍吧。
[B]GDP[/B]（国民生产总值）即Gross Domestic Product。
[B]OECD[/B]（经济合作与发展组织）即Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development。
[B]estimate [/B]/5estimeit/[B] [/B]（v.n.估计，估价）。True modesty does not consist in an ignorance of our merits, but in a due estimate of it.真正的谦虚不在于对自己的长处一无所知，而在于对它们的恰当评价。
[B]excess[/B]（/5ekses/ n.过量 /ik5ses/ a.额外的）即ex+cess，ex-前缀“出”，cess词根“走”，故“走到范围之外的”→过量的；动词形式为exceed（超过）←ex+ceed走。The best things carried to excess are wrong.最好的东西超过限度也会变坏。He is poor whose expenses exceed his income.开支超过收入的人就是穷人。
[B]sizable [/B]/5saizEbl/[B] [/B]（相当大的）←siz(e)+able；size（大小，尺寸）。You can tell the size of a man by the size of the things that make him mad.根据使一个人发怒的事情的大小，可以判断这个人的气量。
[B]significant [/B]/si^5nifikEnt/[B] [/B]（有意义的；重要的）即signify（y变形为i）表示+cant形容词后缀，“值得表示的”→有意义的；signify即sign+ify，sign标记，-ify动词后缀，“作标记”→表示。An art is only great and significant if it is one that all may enjoy.艺术作品只有在所有人都可以欣赏时才是伟大的、重要的。Love has various lodgings; the same word does not always signify the same thing.爱拥有形形色色的住所，同一个词不总是意味着同样的东西。
[B]难句解析[/B][B]：[/B]
①Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short time.
▲该句是一个含有插入成分的单句。主语是Strengthening economic growth，谓语是could push，插入成分是一个时间状语。
△本句阅读的重点是要首先抓住主句的基本结构。
②In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
▲该句是一个复杂句，由两个单句构成，中间用so来表示前后的因果关系。
△本句阅读的重点是一些短语和词组。account for占…的部分；muted原意是“沉默的，被弄哑的”，在文章里的意思是“不太显著的”；pump price油品零售价格。
③Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.
▲该句是一个简单句，只是主语复杂一点，其谓语部分是have reduced oil consumption。
△本句阅读的重点在主语，注意它里面有三个并列成分：Energy conservation，a shift to other fuels，第三个是a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries。
④The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.
▲本句的主句是The OECD estimates... that，本句复杂的地方在其宾语部分，里面有一个条件状语if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998，而主句是后面的部分，其中的主语this指代的是if条件句。
△本句阅读的重点在于抓住句子的主干。
⑤One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.
▲本句的主句是One more reason is that...。比较复杂的是其以that引导的表语从句，它的主语是it，指代的是the rise in oil prices。
△本句阅读的重点在于了解一些短语的意思：lose sleep over因…而失眠；occur against the background of...发生在…的背景之下。
[B]试题解析[/B][B]：[/B]
51. [B][B][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　本题的答题依据是第一段的第二句话，“Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.”看懂了这句话，这道题就很容易了。
52. [B][D][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　本题的关键信息在第三段的第三句话“In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price，so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.”意思是说：在欧洲，汽油的零售价中税占到五分之四，因此税的增加会导致汽油价格的（成比例）猛涨，而原油价格的变化带来的影响不会很大。
53. [B][D][/B]
　　此题较易，区分度很好。
　　本题的答题依据是第四段中的下面这句话“The OECD estimates in its latest Economic outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of GDP.”这是一道比较容易的题。
54. [B][A][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度很好。
　　本题的答题依据是全文的最后一段，强调这次油价上涨与20世纪70年代的上涨不同，也就是没有70年代的那一次那么可怕。
55. [B][A][/B]
　　此题比较容易，区分度很好。
　　本题是一道比较容易的题。答题依据贯穿全文，尤其是第三段和最后一段的第一句话，强调人们不必担心此次油价上涨，因为这一次的情况与20世纪70年代不同。
[B]全文翻译[/B][B]：[/B]
　　过去经济衰落的日子会不会重来？自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应，原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到约26美元一桶。这次近3倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979～1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌，当时的油价分别涨了4倍和近3倍。前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀和全球性的经济衰退。那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢？
　　本周伊拉克暂停石油出口，这使油价又一次上扬。强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。
　　然而，我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会像20世纪70年代那么严重。与70年代相比，现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的份额要小很多。在欧洲，税金在汽油零售价的比例高达4/5，因此，即使原油价格发生很大的波动，汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显著。
　　发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前，因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低，都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油，比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国民生产总值中每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，这也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25％～0.5％。这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的1/4。另一方面，进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业，消耗能量更大，因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响。
　　另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是，与20世纪70年代不同，这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比总的来说也没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70％，而1979年也上升了近30％。

kyfive

2002 Text 4  
　　The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted [B]suicide [/B]carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
　　Although it ruled that there is no [B]constitutional [/B]right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical [B]principle [/B]of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is [B]foresee[/B]n — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
　　Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of [B]morphine [/B]to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients [B]sufficient[/B] [B]mediation [/B]to control their pain if that might hasten death."
　　George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, [B]maintain[/B]s that, as long as a doctor [B]prescribe[/B]s a drug for a [B]legitimate [/B]medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths [B]homicide[/B]s because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
　　On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide [B]debate[/B] has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
　　Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "[B]ineffectual [/B]and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
　　The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in [B]hospice[/B]s, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
　　Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these [B]well-meaning [/B]medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and [B]predictably [/B]suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "[B]systematic [/B]patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are [B]incompetently [/B]managed and should result in license suspension."
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________.
　　[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain
　　[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
　　[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
　　[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
　　[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
　　[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
　　[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
　　[D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.
　　[A] prolonged medical procedures
　　[B] inadequate treatment of pain
　　[C] systematic drug abuse
　　[D] [B]insufficient [/B]hospital care
59. Which of the following best [B]define[/B]s the word "aggressive" (line 4, paragraph 7)?
　　[A] Bold.
　　[B] Harmful.
　　[C] Careless.
　　[D] [B]Desperate[/B].
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.
　　[A] manage their patients incompetently
　　[B] give patients more medicine than needed
　　[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients
　　[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients
[B]
[/B]
[B]重点词汇[/B][B]：[/B]
[B]suicide [/B]/5sjuisaid/[B] [/B]（v.n.自杀）即sui+cide，sui词根=self，cide词根“切”=cut，于是“拿刀切自己”→自杀。Every suicide is a solution to a problem.每件自杀都是对一个问题的解决。suicide — the only perfect crime that remains unpunished 自杀——唯一不受惩罚的完美罪行。
[B]constitutional [/B]/7kCnsti5tju:FEnEl/[B] [/B]（构成的；体质的；宪法的）即con+stitut(e)+ion+al，con-前缀“一起”，stitute词根“建立”，-ion名词后缀，-al形容词后缀；名词形式为constitution（构成；体质；宪法）←con+stitut(e)+ion；动词为constitute（构成）←con+stitute。Why is woman persistently regarded as a mystery? It is not that she has labored to conceal the organic and psychological facts of her constitution, but that men have showed no interest in exploring them.为什么女人总是被视为神秘的事物？原因并不是她极力隐瞒了关于自身生理与心理的事实，而是男人从来就没有对探索这些事实表现过兴趣。The two powers which in my opinion constitute a wise man are those of bearing and forbearing.在我看来，造就智者的两种力量是忍受和克制。
[B]principle [/B]/5prinsEpl/[B] [/B]（原理；信念）可把princi看作print（印刷），ple看作“倍数”（如quadruple、triple，参2002年Text 3），于是“反反复复印刷的东西”→原理（联想：地下党反复印刷革命刊物宣传马克思主义原理）。When a fellow says, "It isn't the money but the principle of the thing," it's the money.当一个人说“这不是钱的问题而是原则问题”时，那就是钱的问题。Important principles may and must be flexible.重要的原则可以有伸缩性，也必须有伸缩性。
[B]foresee [/B]/fC:5si:/ （v.预知）即fore+see，fore前缀“在前”（如forehead额←fore+head），see看，“在事情发生前就能看到”→预知。He who foresees calamities suffers them twice over.预见灾难的人承受了它们两次。
[B]sufficient [/B]/sE5fiFEnt/[B] [/B]（足够的）即suf+fici+ent；suf-前缀“在下”（=sub-，f前b变形为f），fici看作face面（元音字母替换），-ent形容词后缀，低于(suf)平均水平(fici)的(ent)消费使本来不多的收入变得“足够的”；[B]insufficient [/B]/7insE5fiFEnt/[B] [/B]（不足的）←in否定前缀+sufficient。Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises.生活是从不足的前提得出足够的结论的艺术。
[B]mediation [/B]/7mi:di5eiFEn/[B] [/B]（仲裁，媒介作用）即medi+ation，medi(=middle)词根“中间的”，-ation名词后缀，文中指代“镇痛剂”。同根词：medium（中等的；媒介；手段）←medi+um后缀。
[B]maintain [/B]/mein5tein/[B] [/B]（v.维修；维持；支持）即main+tain，main词根=hand，tain词根=hold（参unsustainable，2003年Text 4）。He who tells a lie is not sensible how great a task he undertakes; for he must invent twenty more to maintain that one.说谎者没有意识到自己要承担多么艰巨的任务，因为他必须再说二十个谎言来维持这个谎言。
[B]prescribe [/B]/pris5kraib/[B] [/B]（v.指示；开处方）←pre在前+scribe写，“在拿药之前写”→开处方。If I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work important.我如果是医生，就会开处方给所有认为自己的工作非同小可的病人放一天假。
[B]legitimate [/B]/li5dVitimit/[B] [/B]（合法的；v.合法）即legitim+ate，legitim词根“合法”（leg即词根“法律”），-ate后缀。
[B]homicide [/B]/5hCmisaid/[B] [/B]（n.杀人，杀人者）即homi+cide，homi词根“人”=human，cide词根“切”=cut。
[B]debate [/B]/di5beit/[B] [/B]（v.n.争论，辩论）即de+bate，de-向下，bate词根“打”=beat，“通过语言把对手打倒”→“辩论”。同根词：combat（v.n.战斗，格斗）←com一起+bat。Debate is the best catalyst of thought.争论是思想最好的催化剂。
[B]ineffectual [/B]/7ini5fektjuEl/[B] [/B]（无效的）←in否定前缀+effect效果+ual形容词后缀，与ineffective意思相近但有区别，ineffectual强调“不起作用的”，ineffective强调“效率低的”。To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.备战是维持和平的最有效途径之一。
[B]hospice [/B]/5hCspis/[B] [/B]（收容所）可看作hosp(ital)+ice，医院里什么都没有，只有冰，于是就不能再叫医院了，叫“收容所”。
[B]predictably [/B]/pri5diktEbli/[B] [/B]（可预言地）←pre+dict+abl(e)+(l)y，参prediction（2003年Text 1）。
[B]systematic [/B]/7sisti5mAtik/[B] [/B]（系统的；有计划的）←system系统+-atic形容词后缀。systematic liar 故意说谎者。
[B]incompetently [/B]/in5kCmpitEntli/[B] [/B]（无能力地）即in+competent+ly，in-否定前缀，competnet（有能力的），-ly副词后缀。
[B]define [/B]/di5fain/[B] [/B]（下定义；限定）即de+fine，de-向下，fine词根“界限”。Man is made in such a way that he continually has to define himself and continually escape his own definitions.人注定要不断地给自己下定义，又不断地逃避他自己的定义。Bigotry may be roughly defined as the anger of men who have no opinions.可以给偏执下一个粗略的定义：没有观点的人的愤怒。
[B]desperate [/B]/5despErit/[B] [/B]（绝望的；不顾一切的）←desper+ate，desper同despair（v.n.绝望），-ate形容词后缀。If the failures of this world could realize how desperate half the present-day geniuses once felt, they would take heart and try again.世上的失败者若能了解到当今的天才有半数一度感到过多么绝望，他们就会振作精神再次努力。It is a characteristic of wisdom not to do desperate things.不做孤注一掷之事是智者的特征。Never despair. But if you do, work on in despair.永远都不要绝望。但如果已经绝望，就在绝望中继续工作。←在绝望中复习考研！
[B]morphine [/B]/5mC:fi:n/[B] [/B]吗啡（音译）；[B]well-meaning [/B]善意的。
[B]难句解析[/B][B]：[/B]
①The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
▲要理解本句，一定要抓住它的核心成分，主语是The Supreme Court's decisions，谓语是carry，宾语是important implications，后面有一个how引导的从句作介词for的宾语。
△该句是本文的第一段，也是第一句，因此理解本句对全文的理解很有帮助。
②Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
▲该句是一个复杂句，其基本结构是although引导的状语从句后面加一个主句，其主干是the court supported the medical principle of "double effect"，后面是一个对double effect进行说明的同位语，里面又有一个holding引导的宾语从句。
△本句阅读的重点在于搞清基本句子结构。在最开始阅读时可以先不看对double effect进行修饰的成分。
③Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
▲该句的主语是Nancy Dubler，后面有一个修饰它的同位语，句子的谓语是contends，后面有一个宾语从句，其中从句的宾语又有一个who引导的很长的定语从句。
△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，另外对于一些词的理解也很关键。Mediation本意是“调停，调和”，此处结合上下文，它更倾向于指代医生用来缓解病人疼痛的药物，因此最好把它理解为“镇痛剂”。
④On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
▲该句的主语是many，谓语是acknowledge承认，后面有一个宾语从句，用的是被动语态，而其中由by引导的短语后面又有一个定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying来修饰前面的patients。
△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构。
⑤It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
▲该句的主语it，指代的是上文提到的NAS，谓语的主干结构是identifies something as something，宾语有两个并列成分the undertreatment of pain和the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures"，后面的一个还有个定语从句来修饰。
△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，并且要抓住复杂宾语中的核心部分。
[B]试题解析[/B][B]：[/B]
56. [B][B][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　本题的答题依据是第二段中的“there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide”，即从法规上讲，在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的。
57. [B][C][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度好。
　　这是一道总括性的题，需要以文章中的多处信息为线索。这些信息较多地集中在文章的前三段：尽管在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的，但是最高法院认为只要医生的本意是为了减轻病人的痛苦，那么他们使用大剂量的镇痛药就是允许的。
58. [B][B][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度很好。
　　本题的答题依据是第七段的第二句话中的“the undertreatment of pain”，理解了该短语的意思，这道题也就迎刃而解了。
59. [B][A][/B]
　　此题稍难，但区分度好。
　　选择四个选项的考生人数比较平均。这道题考查考生根据上下文判断词义的能力。一方面考生对“aggressive”这个词的基本意思要有所了解，同时要运用上下文的信息。
60. [B][D][/B]
　　此题的难度合适，区分度不大理想。
　　有29.6％的考生选择A项。本题的答题依据是文章的最后一段。在这一段中，Annas对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾，无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评，认为这种行为构成了“虐待病人”，并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。有29.4％（guangxian注：本段开头认为是29.6％，孰是孰非只有天知道。）的考生选择A的主要原因是受到了最后一句话中的“that are incompetently managed”的影响。
[B]全文翻译[/B][B]：[/B]
　　最高法庭关于医生协助病人结束生命问题的裁决，对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个问题来说，具有重要的意义。
　　尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。
　　近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为，如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话工那就不能这样做。
　　波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有想让病人自杀，你就可以去冒你的病人自杀的风险。”
　　另一方面，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。
　　就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周，全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告——临近死亡：完善临终护理。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让死亡期难堪”。
　　“医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。
　　安纳斯说，律师可以在要求把医疗界的这些善意的行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的，可预见的痛苦无动于衷”，乃至于已构成“蓄意虐待病人”。他说，行医资格理事会“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于医生处理不力造成的，应该因此吊销其从医资格”。