川外学院2010 年MTI 硕士入学考试试题

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　　川外学院2011 年MTI 硕士入学考试 第1 卷：
　　基础英语
　　Part 1: Fill in the blanks. (20 POINTS)
　　01. In the ____ enumerations of the mortal virtues 1 had met with in my readings, I found the
　　catalogue more or less numerous, as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the
　　same name. (vary)
　　02. He is sober and ____, therefore he is all he ought to be as to the affairs of this life; as for those of
　　the next, he must trust to the great Creator. (labor)
　　03. As old ploughmen and new men of the woods, as Europeans and new made Indians, they
　　contract the vices of both; they adopt the moroseness and ____ of a native, without his mildness,
　　or even his industry at home. (ferocious)
　　04. Each of these people instructs their children as well as they can, but these instructions are feeble
　　____ with those which are given to the youth of the poorest class in Europe. (compare)
　　05. A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which ____ across his mind from
　　within, more than the luster of the firmament of bards and sages. (flash)
　　06. We must learn to reawaken and keep ourselves awake, not by mechanical aids, but by an infinite
　　____ of the dawn, which does not forsake us in our soundest sleep. (expect)
　　07. I have always been ____ that I was not as wise as the day I was born. (regret)
　　08. They should be sold by the hundred-thousand, and read by the million, and admired by every one,
　　who is ____ of admiration. (capacity)
　　09. Many men are considering whether women are capable of being and having more than they are
　　and have, and whether, if so, will be best to consent to ____ in their condition. (improve)
　　10. What woman needs is not as a woman to act or rule, but as a nature to grow, as an intellect to
　　discern, as a soul to live ____ and unimpeded, to unfold such powers as were given her when we
　　left our common home. (freedom)
　　11. We have to do with the past only as we can make it ____ to the present and to the future. (use)
　　12. There is one thing that is contentingly ____ in Mr. Howells.s books. (notice)
　　13. ____ the old social standards of the college was admirable, and if it had little practical value or
　　personal influence on the mass of students, at least it preserved the tradition for those who liked
　　it. (luck)
　　14. The novel and the romance, the novel of incident and that of character—those ____ appear to me
　　to have been made by critics and readers for their convenience, and to help them out of some of
　　their difficulties, but to have little reality or interest for the producer, from whose point of view it
　　is, of course, that we are attempting to consider the art of fiction. (separate)
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　　15. Art derives a considerable part of its ____ exercise from flying in the face of presumptions, and
　　some of the most interesting experiments of which it is capable are hidden in the bosom of
　　common things. (benefit)
　　16. The first thing to do when they came back was as they thought to get the baby ____. (baptism)
　　17. Returning with me to my room, he had talked so long and well of the effect of light on color, of
　　form and its significance, of the new cubistic and post-impressionistic movements, the import
　　and significance of which he declared ____ he had measured and for the most part discarded, that
　　I became frightened mad did not for years afterwards try to paint. (scorn)
　　18. There are young Americans today who are doing such ____ and authentic work that it makes me
　　sick to see that I am a little too old to be one of them. (passion)
　　19. When they were climbing the long approach to a bridge alter leaving Cairo, rising slowly higher
　　until they rode above the tops of bare trees, she looked down and saw the pale light ____ and the
　　river bottoms opening out, and then the water appearing, reflecting the low early sun. (wide)
　　20. In that year I had had time to become aware of the meaning of all my father.s bitter warnings,
　　had discovered the secret of his ____ pursed lips and rigid carriage: I had discovered the weight
　　of white people in the world. (pride)
　　Part 2: Grammar and Vocabulary. (20 POINTS)
　　01. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ____ further research and further
　　thinking about a particular topic.
　　A. stimulate B. renovate C. arouse D. advocate
　　02. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical
　　____.
　　A. obligations B. regulations C. observations D. considerations
　　03. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ____ the breadwinner.s death.
　　A. at the cost of
　　B. on the verge of
　　C. as a result of
　　D. for the sake of
　　04. In education there should be a good ____ among the branches of knowledge that contribute to
　　effective thinking and wise judgment.
　　A. distribution B. balance C. combination D. assignment
　　05. The American dream is most ____ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by
　　American capitalism.
　　A. plausible B. patriotic C. primitive D. partial
　　06. Poverty is not in most ____ cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain
　　areas, it is more visible there.
　　A. rare B. temporary C. prevalent D. segmental
　　07. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in ____ populated
　　areas.
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　　A. densely B. intensely C. abundantly D. highly
　　08. As a way of ____ the mails while they were away, the Johnson.s asked the cleaning lady to send
　　little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.
　　A. picking up B. coping with C. passing out D. getting across
　　09. Tom.s mother tried hard to persuade him to ____ from his intention to invest his savings in stock
　　market.
　　A. pull out B. give up C. draw in D. back down
　　10. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ____ will
　　become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.
　　A. interference B. interruption C. intervention D. interaction
　　11. These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the ____ of higher
　　education from the mid-1860.s to the mid-1880.s.
　　A. branch B. category C. domain D. scope
　　12. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ____ in the financial system will drag down
　　the economy.
　　A. shallowness B. shakiness C. scantiness D. stiffness
　　13. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ____ in many animal species.
　　A. minimization B. restriction C. descent D. decline
　　14. The city is an important railroad ____ and industrial and convention center.
　　A. conjunction B. network C. junction D. link
　　15. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ____ myself of every chance to
　　improve my English.
　　A. assure B. inform C. avail D. notify
　　16. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give offa gas that ____ disease resistance
　　in neighboring plants.
　　A. contracts B. activates C. maintains D. prescribes
　　17. Corporations and labor unions have ____ great benefits upon their employees and members as
　　well as upon the general public.
　　A. conferred B. granted C. flung D. submitted
　　18. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was ____ from one
　　new moon to the next.
　　A. measured B. reckoned C. judged D. assessed
　　19. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ____ to the issue at
　　hand.
　　A. irrational B. unreasonable C. invalid D. irrelevant
　　20. Fuel scarcities and price increases ____ automobile designers to scale down the largest models
　　and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.
　　A. persuaded B. prompted C. imposed D. enlightened
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　　Part 3: Reading Comprehension. (40 POINTS)
　　Passage A
　　[A] In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan.s tallest and
　　seemingly flimsiest old buildings—500 or so wooden pagodas—remained standing for centuries?
　　Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared
　　were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in
　　1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port
　　area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto
　　unscathed though it leveled a number of buildings in the neighborhood.
　　[B] Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are
　　so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office
　　blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock
　　absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the
　　thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo—Japan.s first skyscraper was considered a
　　masterpiece of modem engineering when it was built in 1968.
　　[C] Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master
　　builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres
　　into the sky nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later.
　　Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and
　　settle itself rather than fight nature.s forces. But what sort of tricks?
　　[D] The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they
　　were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their
　　pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as
　　watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local
　　conditions -- they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood
　　and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but
　　became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese
　　builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater
　　gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on
　　pagodas in Japan.
　　[E] The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure
　　by fifty per cent or more of the building.s overall width. For the same reason, the builders of
　　Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended
　　eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.
　　[F] But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas, is the answer that.
　　like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda—with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as
　　shinbashira simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so.
　　But the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no
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　　load at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended
　　from the top of the pagoda—hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight
　　of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.
　　[G] And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the
　　shinbashira.s role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute
　　of Technology. Mr. Ishida, known to his students as .Professor Pagoda. because of his passion to
　　understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a .shake-table. in his
　　laboratory. In short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum. The ancient
　　craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the
　　principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan.s first
　　skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a
　　pagoda.s loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another.
　　Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance—with each consecutive floor
　　moving in the opposite direction to its neighbors above and below. The shinbashira, running up
　　through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far
　　because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the
　　column.
　　[H] Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with
　　each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the
　　weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five- storey
　　pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural
　　loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese
　　pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are
　　simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be
　　permitted under current Japanese building regulations.
　　[I] And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker.s balancing pole. The bigger
　　the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her
　　balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. “With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing
　　poles,” says Mr. Ishida, “the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with
　　a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking.” Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand
　　years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.

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　　Questions 1-4: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
　　____01. Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.
　　____02. The Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple.
　　____03. The other buildings near the Toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years.
　　____04. The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe
　　weather conditions.
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　　Questions 5-10: Classify the following as typical of [A] both Chinese and Japanese pagodas [B]
　　only Chinese pagodas [C] only Japanese pagodas
　　____05. easy interior access to top ____06. tiles on eaves
　　____07. use as observation post
　　____08. size of eaves up to half the width of the building
　　____09. original religious purpose ____10. floors fitting loosely over each other
　　Questions 11-13: Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
　　11. In a Japanese pagoda, the shinbashira ____.
　　A. bears the full weight of the building
　　B. bends under pressure like a tree
　　C. connects the floors with the foundations
　　D. stops the floors moving too far
　　12. Shuzo Ishida performs experiments in order to ____.
　　A. improve skyscraper design
　　B. be able to build new pagodas
　　C. learn about the dynamics of pagodas
　　D. understand ancient mathematics
　　13. The storeys of a Japanese pagoda are ____.
　　A. linked only by wood
　　B. fastened only to the central pillar
　　C. fitted loosely on top of each other
　　D. joined by special weights
　　Passage B
　　[A] For more than forty years the cost of food has been rising. It has now reached a point where
　　a growing number of people believe that it is far too high, and that bringing it down will be one of
　　the great challenges of the twenty first century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash. In the
　　West at least, most food is now far cheaper to buy in relative terms than it was in 1960. The cost is in
　　the collateral damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in
　　the pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare
　　and the threat to human health caused by modem industrial agriculture.
　　[B] First mechanization, then mass use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, then moncultures,
　　then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering—the onward march of intensive
　　farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared. But
　　the damage it has caused has been colossal In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland
　　birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from
　　huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects. This is a direct result of
　　the way we have produced our food in the last four decades. Thousands of miles of hedgerows,
　　thousands of ponds, have disappeared from the landscape. The fecal filth of salmon farming has
　　driven wild salmon from many of the sea lochs and rivers of Scotland. Natural soil fertility is
　　dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertilizer and pesticide use, while the
　　growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertilizer run-off.
　　[C] Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the connection
　　at the dinner table. That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to
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　　as externalities: they are outside the main transaction, which is for example producing and selling a
　　field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers. To many, the costs may
　　not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic a terrible shame, but nothing to do with
　　money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, certainly aren.t paying for it, are they?
　　[D] But the costs to society can actually be quantified and, when added up, can amount to
　　staggering sums. A remarkable exercise in doing this has been carried out by one of the world.s
　　leading thinkers on the future of agriculture, Professor Jules Pretty, Director of the Centre for
　　Environment and Society at the University of Essex. Professor Pretty and his colleagues calculated
　　the externalities of British agriculture for one particular year. They added up the costs of repairing
　　the damage it caused, and came up with a total figure of ￡2,343m. This is equivalent to ￡208 for
　　every hectare of arable land and permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total government
　　and EU spend on British farming in that year. And according to Professor Pretty, it was a
　　conservative estimate.
　　[E] The costs included: ￡120m for removal of pesticides; ￡16m for removal of nitrates;
　　￡55m for removal of phosphates and soil; ￡23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from
　　drinking water by water companies; ￡125m for damage to wildlife habitats, hedgerows and dry
　　stone walls; ￡1,113m from emissions of gases likely to contribute to climate change; ￡106m
　　from soil erosion and organic carbon losses; ￡169m from food poisoning; and ￡607m from cattle
　　disease. Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are
　　actually threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways: once over
　　the counter, secondly through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies propping up modern
　　intensive fanning, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming leaves behind.
　　[F] So can the true cost of food be brought down? Breaking away from industrial agriculture as
　　the solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate
　　need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been
　　clearly seen, it may be more feasible. The government needs to create sustainable, competitive and
　　diverse fanning and food sectors, which will contribute to a thriving and sustainable rural economy,
　　and advance environmental, economic, health, and animal welfare goals.
　　[G] But if industrial agriculture is to be replaced, what is a viable alternative? Professor Pretty
　　feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers.
　　Furthermore, the price premium would put the produce out of reach of many poorer consumers. He
　　is recommending the immediate introduction of a .Greener Food Standard., which would push the
　　market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring
　　the full commitment to organic production. Such a standard would comprise agreed practices for
　　different kinds of farming, covering agrochemical use, soil health, land management, water and
　　energy use, food safety and animal health. It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as
　　well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.
　　Questions 14-17: Each paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter,
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　　A-G, in bores 14-17 on your answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once.
　　____ 14. a cost involved in purifying domestic water
　　____ 15. the stages in the development of the farming industry
　　____ 16. the term used to describe hidden costs
　　____ 17. one effect of chemicals on water sources
　　Questions 18-21: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
　　____ 18. Several species of wildlife in the British countryside are declining.
　　____ 19. The taste of food has deteriorated in recent years.
　　____ 20. The financial costs of environmental damage are widely recognized.
　　____ 21. One of the costs calculated by Professor Pretty was illness caused by food.
　　Questions 22-26: Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
　　from the passage for each answer.
　　Professor Pretty concludes that our 22 are higher than most people realize, because we
　　make three different types of payment. He feels it is realistic to suggest that Britain should reduce its
　　reliance on 23 . Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to 24 , Professor Pretty
　　wants the government to initiate change by establishing what he refers to as a 25 . He feels this
　　would help to change the altitudes of both 26 and
　　Questions 27-30
　　Passage 3 has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct heading for sections B, C, E and F from the
　　list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-xi in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

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　　I
　　Ii
　　Iii
　　Iv
　　v
　　vi
　　vii
　　viii
　　ix
　　x
　　xi
　　MIRTP as a future model
　　Identifying the main transport problems
　　Preference for motorized vehicles
　　Government authorities. instructions
　　Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes
　　Request for improved transport in Makete
　　Transport improvements in the northern part of the district
　　Improvements in the rail network
　　Effects of initial MIRTP measures
　　Co-operation of district officials
　　Role of wheelbarrows and donkeys
　　Example:
　　00. Section A (vi)
　　27. Section B ( )
　　28. Section C ( )
　　29. Section E ( )
　　30. Section F ( )
　　Section A
　　[1] The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some
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　　experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to he tackled at the beginning
　　of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete
　　District of south western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.
　　[2] The concept of integrated rural transport. was adopted in the task of examining the transport
　　needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed
　　to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The
　　underlying assumption was that the time saved would he used instead for activities that would
　　improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural
　　Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development
　　Corporation and was coordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.
　　Section B
　　[1] When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy
　　season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for
　　about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative
　　means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on
　　the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.
　　[2] Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood, Little was known
　　about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase 1, between December 1985 and
　　December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in
　　the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting
　　themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in
　　surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on
　　foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70%was related to the collection of water and firewood and
　　travelling to grinding mills.
　　Section C
　　[1] Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might
　　reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of
　　approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.
　　[2] An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and
　　export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were
　　heavily dependent on labor. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided
　　training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the
　　difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local
　　transport needs outside the road network.
　　[3] Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the
　　hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It
　　made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.
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　　[4] It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less
　　technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost
　　and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few
　　households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate
　　for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what
　　they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of
　　donkeys—a donkey costs less than a bicycle—and the introduction of a locally manufacturable
　　wheelbarrow.
　　Section D
　　[1] At the end of Phase 11, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete.s transport
　　problems had had different degrees of success. Phase III, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused
　　on the refinement and institutionalization of these activities.
　　[2] The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the
　　district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become
　　more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before.
　　[3] Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were
　　willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the
　　inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had
　　been completed.
　　[4] The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very
　　successful because most of the motorized vehicles in the district broke down and there were no
　　resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because
　　of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too
　　expensive for nil but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local
　　carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design
　　so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which
　　costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost
　　of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.
　　[5] Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute,
　　in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are
　　mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should
　　become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing
　　donkeys.
　　[6] It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less
　　than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household.s income over half a year. This
　　clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.
　　Section E
　　033
　　[1] It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a .top-down.
　　approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to
　　communities, hut it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities
　　of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural
　　inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.
　　Section F
　　[1] Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and
　　inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period,
　　particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in
　　raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.
　　[2] The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major
　　program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this
　　initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.
　　Questions 31-35: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
　　____ 31. MIRTP was divided into five phases.
　　____ 32. Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy
　　season.
　　____ 33. Phase 1 of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport.
　　____ 34. The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as
　　outside the local area.
　　____ 35. MIRTP hoped to improve the movement of goods from Makete district to the country.s
　　capital.
　　Questions 36-39: Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-J, below.
　　36. Construction of footbridges, steps and handrails ____.
　　37. Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete ____.
　　38. The improvement oPsecondary roads and paths ____.
　　39. The isolation of Makete for part of the year ____.
　　A. provided the people of Makete with experience in running bus and truck services.
　　B. was especially successful in the northern part of the district.
　　C. differed from earlier phases in that the community became less actively involved.
　　D. improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides.
　　E. was no longer a problem once the roads had been improved.
　　F. cost less than locally made wheelbarrows.
　　G. was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand.
　　H. was at first considered by MIRTP to be affordable for the people of the district.
　　034
　　I. hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient.
　　J. was thought to be the most important objective of Phase III.
　　40. Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3?
　　A. to suggest that projects such as MIRTP are needed in other countries
　　B. to describe how MIRTP was implemented and how successful it was
　　C. to examine how MIRTP promoted the use of donkeys
　　D. to warn that projects such as MIRTP are likely to have serious problems
　　Part 4: Writing. (20 POINTS)
　　As science and technology contribute most to the development of society, science students
　　should get more financial support from government than students in other fields such as business and
　　language. Do you agree with the statement? Write an essay of about 350 words on the given topic,
　　either agreeing or disagreeing with the view.