Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common， including the sky god， the lord of storms， and the morning and evening star.__1__the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility， love， and war， she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods， indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__， and one‘s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. Each city moreover had its own god， who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. When， after 3，000 B. C.， growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__， the head of the army who became king assumed a（n）__14__position between the god， whose agent he was， and the priestly class， whom he had both to use and to __15__. Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes， the secular attendants of the temple， who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials， society was divided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders； a mixed group of merchants， artisans， and craftsmen， free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population； and slaves.
试题精解1.［精解］ 本题考查逻辑词。空格处填入的连词出现在句首，说明空格所在分句与下文之间的逻辑关系。选项中，unless表条件，意为“除非”；as作连词，表时间或原因，意为“当……时；因为，由于”；lest表目的，意为“惟恐，以免”，如He emphasized it again and again， lest she should forget.（他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。）although表让步，意为“虽然，尽管”。根据文意，“苏美尔人崇拜代表繁衍、爱和战争的女神”与 “她在地位上却明显低于男性的神”之间存在转折关系，因此选［D］。
2.［精解］ 本题考查介词用法辨析。空格所在部分存在一个形容词的比较级，即，lower than…… 。空格处的介词和status搭配，表示“在地位方面”。in常用在形容词后，表示“在……方面”，如She was not lacking in courage.（她并不缺乏勇气。）a country rich in minerals（矿藏丰富的国家）。因此［B］in为正确项。
其它选项都可与形容词连用。on表示“影响到”，如He‘s hard on his kids.（他对自己的孩子很严厉。）with表示“关于，对于”，如Be careful with the glasses.（小心这些玻璃杯。）Are you pleased with the result？（你对结果满意吗？）with也可表示“因为，由于”，如His fingers were numb with cold.（他的手指冻僵了。）about表示“关于，对于”，如What’s she so angry about？（她为什么生这么大的气？）
3.［精解］ 本题考查名词词义辨析。空格所在部分为分词结构，作状语，即，indicating that…… 。其中that引导宾语从句，空格处填入的名词为从句的主语。该名词后又跟有that引导的定语从句：that the peoples…… goddess.将空格处的名词，即that代替的先行词放回定语从句，其完整结构是：the peoples of previous times had paid3 to the earth mother goddess.选项中四个名词为近义词，worship意为“崇拜，敬仰”；reverence意为“尊敬，崇敬”；admiration意为“钦佩，赞赏，羡慕”；gratitude“感谢”。从含义上看，人类对神应该是“崇拜”或“崇敬”，因此［A］和［B］比较恰当。其次，句中的搭配是pay sth. to sb.，表示“付出某事物给某人”。常用于这种搭配的是reverence及其同义词respect，pay reverence/respect to意为“尊敬，向……致敬”。因此本题应选［B］。
4.［精解］ 本题考查动词词义辨析。由上一题的分析可知，indicating后是that引导的宾语从句，其主语是the reverence，本题空格处填入的动词是其谓语。由于需要的是一个不及物动词，首先排除［D］ attain，它只能作及物动词，必须接宾语，意为“达到，获得”，如attain my purpose（达到我的目的）。其它选项：vanish意为“消失”；recover意为“恢复，复原”；decline意为“减少，下降，衰弱”。由上文可知，苏美尔人崇拜女神，但她的地位低于男性的神。可见，这种崇拜已经减少。因此［C］为正确答案。
补充：one是泛指代词，指“任何一个人”。at will“任意，随意”，如They were able to come and go at will.（他们能够来去自由。）
6.［精解］ 本题考查名词词义辨析。上文提到，神使人的一生成为任他们摆布和奴役的一生。空格所在分句则从《创世记》找到证据支持上文中的观点，因此该句的内容仍然是关于神和人的关系。空格处应填入表示“人类”的名词。creature意为“生物”，指人时多带有感情色彩，指具有某种特征的人，如You pathetic creature！（你这可怜的家伙！）animals意为“动物”。men是man的复数形式，意为“男人们”，指人类时应用其单数形式man，如 the damage caused by man to the environment（人类给环境带来的破坏）。mortal作形容词时，意为“终将死亡的”；作名词时，意为“凡人，普通人”。因此本题应选［D］mortals. 7.［精解］ 本题考查短语动词辨析。空格处填入的动词与副词up搭配构成短语动词。use up意为“用完，耗尽”，如He used up all the money.（他把所有的钱都花光了。）turn up意为“开大（音量、热量等）；找到，发现”，如The farmer turned up a human skull while ploughing the field.（那个农民犁地时挖出一个人类的头颅骨。）give up意为“放弃”，常接动名词作宾语，如give up smoking（戒烟）。back up意为“支持，援助”，如The rebels backed up their demands with threats.（反叛者以恐吓手段要挟。）根据上下文意，神奴役人类，人被创造出来后神就不用再劳动。因此［C］正确。
8.［精解］ 本题考查动词词义辨析。空格处填入动词，其宾语是the temple（庙宇），其逻辑主语是who替代的名词god（神）。选项中的四个动词为近义词，都可表示“居住”，但能够作及物动词的只有［A］inhabit，它意为“居住在，栖息于”，如Some of the rare species inhabit the area.（一些罕见物种生活在这个地区。）因此［A］是正确项。
其它项意为“居住”时都只能作不及物动词，如live in a house（住在一所房子里）。This family has resided in this city for 60 years.（这个家族住在本城已有60年了。）I lodged at a friend‘s house.（我寄住在一个朋友家里。）live也可作及物动词，但意为“（以某种方式）生活，过日子”，如She lived a peaceful life.（她过着十分宁静的生活。）
9.［精解］ 本题考查逻辑词辨析。空格处填入的副词出现在句首，表示空格所在分句与上文的逻辑关系。Hence表示因果关系，意为“因此，所以”，如My mother is by herself； hence I must go home now.（我母亲一个人在家待着，所以我现在得回家了。）Thereafter表示时间关系，意为“其后，从那时以后”，如You will be accompanied as far as the border； thereafter you must find your own way.（有人送你到边境， 然后你就得自己走了。）Somehow意为“由于某种未知的原因，不知怎么地”，如She looked different somehow.（不知怎么地，她看上去变了。）incidentally意为“顺便提一句；偶然地，附带地”，如The information was only discovered incidentally.（这个信息只是偶然得到的。）空格上一句提到，神是城市里所有财产的拥有者。空格所在分句的主干结构是the priests were favored，the priests后who引导的一个较长的定语从句指出，僧侣诠释神的意志。因此两个分句之间是因果逻辑关系，即，由于神的权力很大，因此诠释神的意志的人受到青睐。［A］为正确项。
10.［精解］ 本题考查名词词义辨析。空格处填入名词，和后面的定语of the economic produce of the city一起作controlled的宾语。introduction意为“采用，引进，推行”，如the introduction of new manufacturing methods（新制造方法的采用）。transaction意为“办理，处理”，如the transaction of government business（处理政府事务）。distribution意为“分配，分布；分发，分送”，如the distribution of wealth/food and medicines（财富/食品和药物的分配）。provision意为“提供，供给”，如the provision of health care（提供医疗服务）。由上文可知，神是所有财产的拥有者，而僧侣诠释神的意志，因此僧侣负责产品的“分配”，［C］为正确项。
11.［精解］ 本题考查介词用法辨析。空格所在句子的主干结构是the priests were favored，后面紧跟着的介词短语“11 their supernatural and material functions”作状语。用在动词后，as意为“作为，当作”，如Treat me as a friend.（把我当朋友看。）for意为“为了；因为”，如soldiers fight for their country（军人为祖国出征），I couldn‘t speak for laughing.（我笑得说不出话来。）under意为“在……下面；根据，按照；受……影响”，如The wall collapsed under the strain.（墙壁因承受不了重压而坍塌了。）of用在某些动词后，接动作所涉及的人或事，如Think of a number.（想一个数字。）根据句意，应选表原因的介词，即，［B］for. 12.［精解］ 本题考查副词用法辨析。空格处填入的词出现在句末，用在两个并列的名词，即，supernatural （functions） and material functions之后。有这种用法的是［D］alike，它作副词时可用在提到的两个人或两种事物之后，意为“两者都，同样地”，如Safety management benefits employers and employees alike.（安全管理对雇主和雇员都同样有利。）其他项都可作副词，但不符合文意。along 意为“向前”，如The policeman told the crowds to move along.（警察叫人群向前走动。）anyway意为“不管怎样”，如The house was locked and I cannot get in anyway.（屋子锁着，我无论如何也进不去。）afterwards意为“以后，后来”，如Let’s go to the theatre first and eat afterwards.（咱们先去看戏，然后再吃吧。）
13.［精解］ 本题考查形容词词义辨析。空格所在部分是when引导的时间状语从句，其主干结构是warfare made military leadership__13__，空格处填入的形容词作宾补。additional意为“附加的，另外的”，如additional charges（额外的费用）。vital意为“至关重要的”，如The heart is a vital organ.（心脏是十分重要的器官。）singular意为“单数的；非凡的，显著的”，如landscape of singular beauty（无比优美的风景）。exceptional意为“杰出的，优秀的；异常的，特别的”，如exceptional talent as a musician（非凡的音乐才能），in exceptional circumstances（在特殊情况下）。根据句意，应该是“战争使军事领导才能更显重要”，因此［B］为正确项。
14.［精解］ 本题考查形容词词义辨析。空格所在句子的主干是：the head of the army assumed a（n）__14__position between the god and the priestly class.alternative意为“可供替换的”，如Have you got an alternative suggestion？（你有没有其他建议？）secondary意为“次要的，从属的”，如Experience is what matters—age is of secondary importance.（重要的是经验—— 年龄是次要的。）intermediate意为“（两地、两物、两种状态等）之间的，中间的”，如Liquid crystals are considered to be intermediate between liquid and solid.（液晶被认为介于液态和固态之间。）fundamental意为“基本的，根本的”，如a fundamental difference（根本的区别）。由于下文提到，“居于神和僧侣阶层之间的”，因此空格处应填入［C］。
15.［精解］ 本题考查动词词义辨析。空格所在部分是whom引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the priestly class.将先行词放入从句中，句子的完整形式是：He had the priestly class both to use and to__15__，其中both…… and连接两个并列的不定式作后置定语。可见，空格处填入的动词的逻辑宾语是“僧侣阶层”。pacify意为“使……平静，抚慰”，如pacify the angry crowd（安抚愤怒的群众）。tempt意为“诱惑，鼓动”，如The warm weather tempted us into going for a swim.（暖和的天气诱使我们去游泳。）suppress意为“镇压，压制”，如suppress the rebellion（镇压起义）。manipulate意为“操纵，（暗中）控制”，如She uses her charm to manipulate people.（她利用自身的魅力来摆布别人。）从上文可知，国王和僧侣都是神的代言人，但国王居于僧侣之上，因此他们之间的关系不应是“诱惑”或“镇压”。如果选择manipulate，与use在含义上出现重复，也应排除。［A］pacify为正确项。
17.［精解］ 本题考查动词词义辨析。空格处填入一动词，其逻辑主语是who替代的先行词the scribes（书吏），逻辑宾语是后面接的名词短语every aspect of the city‘s economic life.supervise意为“监督，管理，指导”，如supervise building work（监理建筑工程）；hold意为“拥有，持有；（军事意义上的）控制，守卫”，如The rebels held the radio station.（叛乱者占据了电台。）manage意为“管理，负责（公司、球队、组织等）”，如manage a factory/bank（管理工厂/银行）。preside意为“主持（会议、仪式等）”，如preside at the committee meeting（主持委员会会议）。根据句意，“书吏监督城市经济生活的方方面面”，应选［A］supervised. 18.［精解］ 本题考查介词用法辨析。Around意为“在……周围”；Under意为“在……之下，少于，低于”；Above意为“在……上面”；Outside意为 “在……外面；不在……范围内，不属于”，如You may do as you wish outside working hours.（不在上班时间，你爱干什么就干什么。）空格上文介绍了庙宇的官员，下文则介绍了与宗教无关的其他社会阶层。可见，空格处的介词应表示“在（庙宇的官员）之外”的含义，因此［D］正确。
19.［精解］ 本题考查形容词词义辨析。空格处填入的形容词与elite（上层的，精英的）并列修饰group，指的是下文提到的这样一群人（large landowners and military leaders）的特点。leading意为“最重要的，最成功的”，如the leading role in the TV series（电视连续剧中的主角）。noble意为“品质高尚的；贵族的，高贵的”，如a man of noble birth（出身高贵的人）。controlling一般作动名词，而不作形容词，如The Government is chiefly concerned with controlling inflation.（政府的当务之急是控制通货膨胀。）principal意为“主要的，最重要的”，如the principal reason（主要原因）。由于上下文谈论的是社会阶层，因此应选［B］noble. 20.［精解］ 本题考查动词词义辨析。空格处填入一动词，其逻辑主语是who代替的先行词free peasants，宾语是the majority of the population.从含义上首先排除［C］和［D］。compile意为“编写（书、列表、报告等）”；consume意为“消耗，消费”。［A］和［B］都有“组成”的含义，但consist是不及物动词，要与介词搭配，consist of意为“由……组成”，如The committee consists of ten members.（委员会由十人组成。）compose是及物动词，意为“组成，构成（一个整体）”，如Ten men compose the committee. 因此本题应选［B］compose.
Part A Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）
Text 1 It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything：two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat， pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body， revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself， between the government‘s Human Genome Project and Rockville， Md.， biotechnology company Celera Genomics， was at least partly symbolic， the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab. Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation， the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins （and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy， an important ally on the government side） and Craig Venter， the founder of Celera， agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over （sort of）， that both sides had won （kind of） and that the hostilities were resolved （for the time being）。
No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the “finish lines” each has crossed are largely arbitrary points， “first drafts” rather than the definitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they‘re been in years， insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination， rather than outright collaboration. The conflict blew up， this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust， an HGP participant， released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP‘s complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.” But by spring， there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors，” Venter told Newsweek in March， “and fighting back is probably not helpful.” At a cancer meeting earlier this month， Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches， and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week， that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday‘s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race， science wins.” With their difference behind them， or at least set aside， the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff： figuring how to make use of all that data.
1. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____.
［A］ the enthusiasm in scientific research［B］ the significance of the space race
［C］ the public versus private conflict［D］ the prospect of the completion of DNA sequence
2. The tone of the author in reporting the joint press conference this Monday is _____.
4.“thaw”这个词最有可能意为 _____.［A］ 紧张形势的恶化 ［B］ 关系改进［C］ 攻击更加激烈 ［D］ 停止协作［精解］ 本题考查词义的理解。第四段开始讲到矛盾的爆发。第三句but转折指出，……there were the first signs of a thaw，下文又以塞莱拉公司创始人认为对抗不好的讲话和一次癌症会议上双方的互相称赞为例，对该句话进行论证。可见他们的关系是改善了，所以［B］项正确。单词thaw意为“解冻”，与［B］项一致。其他项均是说不好的方面，与文意不符。
核心词汇或超纲词汇（1）grudge（n.）忌恨，妒忌（v.）嫉妒；吝惜，不愿意给或承认~ the tuition money不愿付学费（2）genome（n.）基因组，染色体组（3）dead beat胜负不分的赛跑或竞赛，平局（4）reconciliation（n.）调解，调和；和谐，一致；reconcile（v.）调和，调停；使和解；（to）使接受be ~ed to the loss of his wife接受了丧妻的事实；（with）使符合，使一致~ their words with their actions使他们的言行一致（5）hostility（n.）敌意，敌对，反对；（复数形式）战斗，战争（6）arbitrary（a.）任意的，武断的；独裁的，专断的；arbitrate（v.）作出公断，仲裁（7）thaw（n.）解冻，解冻期（v.）融化，解冻；（态度、感情等）趋于和缓（8）hammer（v.）用锤敲打；锤打，敲打~ at the door敲门；~ out经过仔细研究订出或达成（9）get down to开始处理；认真做~ business 办正经事
Text 2 At the start of the year， The Independent on Sunday argued that there were three over-whelming reasons why Iraq should not be invaded： there was no proof that Saddam posed an imminent threat； Iraq would be even more unstable as a result of its liberation； and a conflict would increase the threat posed by terrorists. What we did not know was that Tony Blair had received intelligence and advice that raised the very same points. Last week‘s report from the Intelligence and Security Committee included the revelation that some of the intelligence had warned that a war against Iraq risked an increased threat of terrorism. Why did Mr. Blair not make this evidence available to the public in the way that so much of the alarmist intelligence on Saddam’s weapons was published？ Why did he choose to ignore the intelligence and argue instead that the war was necessary， precisely because of the threat posed by international terrorism？
There have been two parliamentary investigations into this war and the Hutton inquiry reopens tomorrow. In their different ways they have been illuminating， but none of them has addressed the main issues relating to the war. The Foreign Affairs Committee had the scope to range widely， but chose to become entangled in the dispute between the Government and the BBC. The Intelligence Committee reached the conclusion that the Government‘s file on Saddam’s weapons was not mixed up， but failed to explain why the intelligence was so hopelessly wrong. The Hutton inquiry is investigating the death of Dr. David Kelly， a personal tragedy of marginal relevance to the war against Iraq. Tony Blair has still to come under close examination about his conduct in the building-up to war. Instead， the Defence Secretary， Geoff Hoon， is being fingered as if he were master-minding the war behind everyone‘s backs from the Ministry of Defence. Mr. Hoon is not a minister who dares to think without consulting Downing Street first. At all times he would have been dancing to Downing Street’s tunes. Mr. Blair would be wrong to assume that he can draw a line under all of this by making Mr. Hoon the fall-guy. It was Mr. Blair who decided to take Britain to war， and a Cabinet of largely skeptical ministers that backed him. It was Mr. Blair who told MPs that unless Saddam was removed， terrorists would pose a greater global threat—even though he had received intelligence that suggested a war would lead to an increase in terrorism. Parliament should be the forum in which the Prime Minister is called more fully to account， but Iain Duncan Smith‘s support for the war has neutered an already inept opposition. In the absence of proper parliamentary scrutiny， it is left to newspapers like this one to keep asking the most important questions until the Prime Minister answers them.
1. We learn from the first two paragraphs that _____.
［A］ the evidence should have been made available to the Parliament
［B］ the necessity of war has been exaggerated by the Committee
［C］ Blair had purposely ignored some of the intelligence he received
［D］ it was The Independent that first revealed the intelligence
2. The author thinks that the Hutton enquiry is _____.
［A］ also beside the mark ［B］ hopelessly wrong
［C］ illuminating in its way ［D］ wide in scope
3. By “chose to become entangled” （Line 4，Paragraph 3）， the author implies that _____.
［A］ the dispute between the Government and the BBC was unnecessary
［B］ the Foreign Affairs Committee had mixed up the argument
［C］ it was entirely wrong to carry out such investigations
［D］ the Intelligence Committee shouldn’t mix up with the affair
4. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _____.
［A］ most ministers were suspicious of Hoon‘s conduct
［B］ Hoon will not do anything without consulting Blair
［C］ Blair should not divert his responsibility to his Cabinet
［D］ MPs think that it is Blair who drags the country into the war 5. What is the author’s attitude towards the Parliament？
2. 作者认为赫顿调查是_____.［A］ 不准确的，离题的 ［B］ 严重错误的［C］ 以它自己的方式进行阐述 ［D］ 涉及范围很广的［精解］ 本题考查作者观点。第三段第二句提到，两项议会调查（其中之一是赫顿调查）用不同的方法进行阐述，但却没有一个涉及到关于这场战争的症结所在。由此可见，作者认为这些调查是不准确的。［A］beside the mark与文中none … has addressed the main issues是同义替换。［B］是该段第四句中对“政府关于萨达姆武器问题的档案”的评价。［C］虽然出现了文中类似的表达，但含义出现了偏差。［D］是该段第三句中对“外事委员会”的评价。
3. 第三段第四行中作者提到“chose to become entangled”的含义是______.［A］ 政府与英国广播公司之间的纠纷是不必要的［B］ 外事委员会使这场争论变得混乱［C］ 进行这样的调查是完全错误的［D］ 情报委员会不应该搀和到这件事中来［精解］ 本题考查推理引申。题干这句话出现在第三段第三句。整个第三段主要围绕“对伊战争的调查”展开论述。该段第二句对两项调查作出评价，指出它们都没有涉及到关系这场战争的症结所在。第三句指出，外事委员会要调查的范围很广，却让自己纠缠于政府和英国广播公司的纠纷之中。由此可见，作者认为“政府与英国广播公司的纠纷”不是关系这场战争的关键性问题，［A］正确。该段中作者没有完全否认“调查”的必要性，排除［C］；也没有对调查方（外事委员会或情报委员会）进行批评，排除［B］和［D］。
核心词汇或超纲词汇（1）imminent（a.）逼近的，即将发生的（2）alarmist（a.）危言耸听的，骇人的（n.）大惊小怪者（3）scope（n.）（to do sth.）（做或实现某事的）机会，能力，如：The money will give us the ~ to improve our facilities.（有了这笔钱，我们就能把设备加以改进了。）
（4）mixed up（a.）糊涂的，迷惑不解的（5）marginal（a.）小的，微不足道的，不重要的；非主体的，边缘的（6）finger（v.）用手指触摸；（sb. for sth.或sb. as sth.）告发，告密（7）behind sb‘s back背着某人，背地里，私下，如：Have you been talking about me behind my back？（你们是不是在背后说我的闲话？）
（8）neuter（a.）（语言）中性的（v.）使失去作用（9）inept（a.）不适当的，无能的，笨拙的（10）beside/off the mark（猜测、陈述等）不准确，相去甚远，离题
布莱尔仍然得就他的行为是否导致了战争的发生接受严格的调查。相反，国防部长杰夫。胡恩正在被告发，搞得他倒像是国防部里私下操纵战争的主谋一样（事实并非如此）。胡恩先生不是一个胆敢不先与唐宁街协商就独自作决定的部长。无论何时他总是合着唐宁街的拍子跳舞。布莱尔以为通过抓胡恩做替罪羊就可以将所有事情一笔勾销，他是错误的。是布莱尔决定将英国引向战争，而持很大怀疑态度的部长们组成的内阁支持着他。是布莱尔告诉国会议员们（Members of Parliament或MPs），除非萨达姆政权被铲除，否则恐怖主义将对全球造成更大的威胁——尽管他已经得到情报，表明战争将会使恐怖主义升级。
Text 3 Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology， the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement， the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries， are the common aims， attitudes， and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance. The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes， the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes， he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God， it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning， faith was thus always the supreme arbiter； the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century， Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless， throughout the Scholastic period， philosophy was called the servant of theology， not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology， but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation. This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroёs. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served， hence， as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroёs maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict， at least verbally， the teachings of Islamic theology. As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason， the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics， such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm， did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later， at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism， the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.
1. With the Scholastics， the search for new knowledge _____.
［A］ stopped completely［B］ slowed down
［C］ advanced rapidly［D］ awaked gradually
2. Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation？
［A］ They are simply identical.［B］ Revelation guides reason.
［C］ They are occasionally contradictory.［D］ Reason is used to perfect revelation.
3. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that _____.
［A］ the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted
［B］ religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy
［C］ philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves
［D］ philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice
4. Averroёs held that _____.
［A］ Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy
［B］ religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy
［C］ real truth was inaccessible to many common people
［D］ imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion
5. Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text？
［A］ Relations of St. T. Aquinas‘ achievements to previous efforts.
［B］ How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.
［C］ Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation.
［D］ Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.
Text 4 Despite the general negative findings， it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child‘s individual personality， characteristics， age at the time of divorce， and gender. In terms of personality， when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing， children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce， as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress， such as that found in disrupted families， seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings， the greater the amount of stress， the less well they adapt. In contrast， a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing， relaxed child learn to cope with adversity. There is some relationship between age and children’s characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older， the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings， an understanding of those feelings， and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6， fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8， and the confusion and fear of the young
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发表于 2018-12-8 12:34:36