历年真题精析——命题剖析及复习指导(4)

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2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案与解析
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.
On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church,9there was less agreement10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11by the Spanish crown.12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism13the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the14of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's17colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies19.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was20selfrule and democracy.
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到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立的国家。这些国家的大约2千万居民对未来充满期待。许多独立国家的领导人在旧政权和伊比利亚殖民主义岌岌可危时出生，他们都认同议会制政府，向人才开放职业，商业贸易自由，私有财产所有权，认为个人是社会的基础。他们普遍认为新国家应该是独立的主权国家，足够大，能够在经济上切实可行，由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。
但是，在宗教自由和教会地位这个问题上，各国领导人之间存在着分歧。罗马天主教过去是西班牙国教，是唯一得到西班牙王室承认的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教，而一些领导人致力于终结不能有其他宗教信仰的状况。保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。
独立国家早期领导者们的理想通常是平等主义，重视一切平等。玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他承诺在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制。到了1854年，除了西班牙前殖民地外，奴隶制在其他地区都已被废除。对结束印地安人的上贡问题和对混血人种的税收问题的早期承诺较晚才实现，这是因为新独立的国家仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入。平等的情绪通常由于担心大众没有准备好自治和民主而有所缓解。
1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals
2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully
3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected
4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted
5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return
6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally
7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical
8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform
9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover
10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by
11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded
12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While
13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against
14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence
15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish
16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised
17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original
18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher
19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred
20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for
[内容提要]
本文讲述西班牙和葡萄牙在美洲的殖民地独立后领导人一致认为应该按照现代国家理念建立新的国度，而在宗教方面领导者们的意见不一致，并且说平等主义的推广有一定的难度。
1.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 词义辨析
[解题过程] 独立后的国家居民由原住民和移民共同构成，因此，强干扰项A可排除。而居民既包括原住民也包括移民，故选B。
2.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 前一句指出各殖民地已经独立，所以人们对未来的态度应该是积极的，而"充满希望地"与"对未来的展望"应该是最恰当的。
3.[正确答案] A
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 我们从the ideas of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the  to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society...这些字里行间看出这些ideas是现代制度和法律所支持的观念，虽然这些领导人出身于旧政体和伊比利亚殖民主义的危机之中，他们（选择）分享这些观念。可先排除否定意义的B、D项。C项attain这个词一般指的是通过不断的努力获得某种知识或达到某个目标。因此，正确答案为A，许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府。
4.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接/固定搭配
[解题过程] 本题目选择形容词，在句子中体现前、后名词之间的关系。many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade,... "许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府，职业......于人才，商业和贸易自由......"选项A. related to 相关的；B. close to接近；C. open to 公开的；开着的；D. devoted to 奉献的; 投入的。符合语境的只有C，careers open to talent "职位向有才能的人开放"。
5.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词，在句子中体现句子内容的连贯性。many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. "许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府，认为职业应该向人才开放，认可商业贸易自由，认可私有财产的......，认为个人是社会的基础"。选项A. access to 接近；有权使用; B. succession to 继承；C. right to ...的权利；D. return to 返回。从前面的"议会制政府"，"向人才开放的职业"，"商业和贸易自由"可以看出这里提到的是推动国家进步和发展，充分调动人们积极性的另一个理念"人们对私有财产的所有权"，故此处选择right。因此，正确答案为C。
6.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择副词，体现前、后两个句子之间的逻辑关系。there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, "有一种......的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家。"选项A. presumably 大概；B. incidentally 偶然；C. obviously 显然；D. generally 普遍。在上文中 many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. "许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府，认为职业应该向人才开放，认可商业贸易自由，认可私有财产的......，认为个人是社会的基础。" 该句与后面的句子没有任何内容相反或转折的信号词，可以判断两个句子是顺接关系，后面承接上一句内容而来，继续介绍新的独立国家领导人都认同的理念。因此，正确答案为D。
7.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词义辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by aset of laws. "有一种普遍接受的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家, 要足够大并且能够在经济上运行良好，通过一套......的法律将各个新独立的国家联合"。选项A. unique唯一的；B. common普通的；C. particular特别的,独有的；D. typical 典型的。想要"联合各个国家"只有通过共同接受的法律才能够实现。因此，正确答案为B。
8.[正确答案] A
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词，在句子中做宾语。句子叙述到On the issue ofof religion and the position of the Church...。"关于宗教的......和教会地位的问题。"选项A. freedom自由；B. origin 起源；C. impact 影响；D. reform 改革。四个选项在句子中似乎都合理，确定该题目为语义衔接题。由于前文叙述内容未涉及宗教，所以信息在后文。浏览下面语句发现，罗马天主教是西班牙国教，是西班牙王室唯一认可的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教；而另一些领导人致力于终结排斥其他宗教的状况。显然，是关于宗教信仰的自由问题产生分歧。因此，正确答案为A。
9.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后句子之间的逻辑关系。On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church,there was less agreement...。"关于宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题，各国领导人之间存在分歧。"选项A. therefore 因此(表结果)；B. however 然而(表转折)；C. indeed的确（表确定）；D. moreover而且（表递进）。第一段中叙述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. "有一种普遍接受的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家, 要足够大并且能够在经济上运行良好，通过一套共同的法律将各个新独立的国家联合"，介绍了新成立的独立国家领导人之间在治国理念方面的共识。而随后的语句there was less agreement-the leadership，提到的是他们之间存在的分歧，显然两部分之间为转折关系。因此，正确答案为B。
10.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 惯用衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择介词，体现叙述内容的范围。On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, however there was less agreement the leadership."关于宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题，各国领导人在主导地位......方面存在分歧。"本句表明各国领导人之间在宗教问题方面不那么有默契了，among表示"在......之间"，这里among the leadership表范围。其他几个介词与后面内容搭配作状语时，都不表示范围。因此，正确答案为C。
11.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择过去分词，修饰前面相邻的名词。句子叙述到Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only oneby the Spanish crown. "罗马天主教过去是西班牙的国教，是西班牙王室唯一......的宗教。" 该过去分词短语修饰前面的"Roman Catholicism 罗马天主教"，体现出"Roman crown 罗马皇室"对于"罗马天主教"的态度。 句中的only可判断，西班牙王室只承认罗马天主教。选项A. allow准许，表示许可，对于严肃的宗教地位不适用；选项B. preach 宣扬，说教，布道，对于宗教地位应该不仅仅是宣扬这么肤浅，皇室要通过政治权利规定宗教的信仰及其地位，该词不合理；选项C. grant 承认（授权），符合句子含义；选项D. fund资助，表示通过资金来支持，不符合宗教地位的要求。因此，正确答案为C。
12.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择连词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。  most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ..., some sought to end the... "大多数领导人致力于保留天主教，......一些人致力于结束......。"关于宗教信仰问题，领导人分成两个派别，即，多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教，而一些领导人致力于终结不能有其他宗教信仰的状况。显然，二者观点相异。因此，正确答案为D。注意while表示让步是常见考点。
13.[正确答案] A
[考查重点] 词汇辨析题
[解题过程] 本题目选择介词，将后面的名词和前面句子的逻辑关系。while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism  the official religion of the new states, "大多数领导人致力于保留天主教......新的官方宗教。" 选项A. as 作为；B. for 为了；C. under 在......之下；D. against 反对。显然这里as the official religion of the new states是方式状语，与maintain搭配使用，符合语义关系。因此，正确答案为A。
14.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词，在句子中做宾语。句子叙述到some sought to end theof other faiths. "一些领导人致力于结束对于其他宗教信仰的......。" 选项A. spread 传播；B. interference干涉；C. exclusion 排除；D. influence 影响。"长久以来西班牙王室只允许人们信奉罗马天主教，一些领袖打算依然把天主教定为国教"，此处与之对立的观点是：结束对其他宗教的排斥，即允许人们信奉其他宗教。exclusion用在此处符合语境，表示"结束对于其他宗教的排挤"。因此，正确答案为C。
15.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 语义衔接/固定搭配
[解题过程] 选择名词，构成rallying...的固定搭配。在句子中充当宾语。The defense of the Church became a rallying  15  for the conservative forces. 这里rallying cry为固定搭配，意为（起号召作用的）战斗口号。因此，正确答案为B。
16.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择动词，与to 构成搭配，在句子中充当谓语动词。Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and hadin return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. "玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他......在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制度。" 选项A. urge 敦促；B. intend 打算；C. expect 期望；D. promise 答应。从句中的in return可以看出，海地对玻利瓦尔的帮助并非无条件的，其条件就是后者承诺废除奴隶制度。因此，正确答案为D。
17.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 词汇辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择形容词，修饰名词colonies。By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's colonies. "到了1854年，除了西班牙......的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制。" 选项A. controlling正在统治的；B. former原来的；C. remaining遗留的；D. original 原始的。因此应选C，指西班牙残存的殖民地国家。
18.[正确答案] A
[考查重点] 语义辨析
[解题过程] Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much  because... "停止印地安人上贡和对混血人种征税的早期承诺实现得颇为......。"选项A. slower较慢；B. faster较快；C. easier较容易；D. tougher较难。上文提到玻利瓦尔承诺废除奴隶制，到1854年除了西班牙剩余的殖民地外，其他地区都已废除奴隶制，因此，根据上下文可知，此处是说这个承诺实现得缓慢。因此，正确答案为A。
19.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择动词，在定语从句中充当谓语动词。the new nations still needed the revenue such policies . "新的国家仍然需要这些政策所......的税收收入。"选项A. create 创建；B. produce 产生，生产；C. contribute 有助于；D. prefer 更喜欢。本题所在部分意为"新国家仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入"，这些税收收入是这些policies带来的，这里使用produce意思相近。created，不能与"revenue 收入"构成合理的主谓关系；contributed 有助于，一般要构成"contribute to"的短语才能够接宾语，在此不符合句子含义；选项D. preferred 更喜欢，一般要构成"prefer to"的短语。句子中没有提供比较的参照，所以不涉及"更喜欢"，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。
20.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接/固定搭配
[解题过程] Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population wasselfrule and democracy. "平等的情绪通常被缓解，这是由于担心大众......自治和民主。" 选项A. puzzled by 感到困惑；B. hostile to 敌对；C. pessimistic to 悲观；D. unprepared to 未准备好。由于新的独立国家的人们刚刚摆脱了殖民统治，因此人们还没有充分了解和熟悉自治和民主，这里使用unprepared for符合语境。因此，正确答案为D。

kyone

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts．Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points)
Text 1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament．you would most likely fend a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months．If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced．
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b)winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania；d)none of the above．
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above". Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment,nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls." He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information．And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice．Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task．Rather, it involves sexing specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome．
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer．They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers．Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers-whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming-are nearly always made, not born．
如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的怪现象：出色的足球运动员往往出生在一年内的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你再查一下为世界杯和职业球队输送球员的欧洲国家青年队的出生证明，你就会发现这一现象更加明显。
如何解释这一怪现象呢？这里有几种猜测：1）某些星象迹象赋予这些人出色的球技；2）冬天出生的孩子氧容量高，因此踢足球的耐力好；3）对足球狂热的父母更可能在春天这个一年之中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女；4）以上猜测都不成立。
Anders Ericsson是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信前三种推测均不成立。Ericsson在瑞典长大，开始时学习核工程，直到他意识到如果自己改学心理学，就会有更多的机会进行自己的研究。大约30年前他做了第一个实验，与记忆力相关：训练一个人听，然后复述一组随机的数字。他回忆到："在经过大约20个小时的训练后，第一个受试者的数字记忆跨度从7个上升至20个，他不断地进步，在经过大约200个小时的训练后，他记忆的数字超过了80个。"
后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为，不如说是一种认知行为。换句话说，不管两个人的记忆能力方面表现出来的先天差异有多大，这些差异都会被每个人解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖。Ericsson认为，学习有意义地解码信息的最好方式就是一个被称为"有意练习"的过程。"有意练习"需要的不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务，而是要确立特定目标，获得即时反馈，既关注结果又关注技巧。
因而，Ericsson和他的同事开始研究不同领域的技艺精湛的从业者，包括足球运动员。他们收集所有能够得到的数据，不仅是他们的表现数据，个人生活细节内容，还包括对于那些取得大成就的人的实验研究结果。他们的研究结论令人吃惊：我们对通常认为的天赋评价过高。换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的。
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to.
[A] stress the importance of professional training
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others
22. The word "mania"(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means.
[A] fun
[B] craze
[C] hysteria
[D] excitement
23. According to Ericsson, good memory.
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that.
[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success
[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance
[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked
[D] high achievers owe their Success mostly to nurture
25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] "Faith will move mountains．"
[B] "One reaps what one sows．"
[C] "Practice makes perfect．"
[D] "Like father like son．"
第一段中心句：If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months．如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象：出色的足球运动员一般出生在一年内的前几个月而不是后几个月。
第二段中心句：What might account for this strange phenomenon?　什么可以解释这一奇怪现象呢？
第三段中心句：Anders Ericsson，a 58yearold psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above"．安德斯·埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信前三种推测皆不成立。
第四段中心句：This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one．这次成功，连同后来进行的实验表明"记忆力本身不是由基因决定的"，让埃里克森得出结论，记忆行为与其说是直觉训练不如说是认知训练。
第五段中心句：Or，put another way, expert performers-whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming-are nearly always made，not born．换一种方式来说，那些成就优秀者（无论是在记忆里还是外科手术方面，不管是在跳芭蕾还是计算机编程方面）几乎都是后天培养的，而不是天生的。
Text 2
For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called "Ask Marilyn．"People are invited to query Marilyn VOS Savant．Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old；that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded．IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences．among other similar tasks．So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as，What's the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers．
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be．The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children's version)．Generally costing several hundred dollars． they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web．Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant's are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100．Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests．
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life．argues Robert J．Sternberg．In his article "How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?"，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success．Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change．Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is, it predicted the opposite．Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip．
在过去的几年里，周日增刊Parade报纸有一个名为"向玛里琳提问"的特写专栏。人们被邀请向Marilyn vos Aavant提问，她在10岁时就参加了大约23岁人的智力测试，得出智商为228，那是有记录以来的最高分。智商测试让你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后和剪裁之后的样子，推论数字顺序以及其他一些类似的任务。因此当Savant即时回复来自普通人的一些问题时有点儿令人困惑，这些问题诸如：爱和喜欢之间的区别是什么？运气和巧合的本质是什么？而那种想象物体和计算数字模式的能力如何让人能够回答连一些最好的诗人和哲学家都避之惟恐不及的问题，这还不够明朗。
显然，智力所包含的远不只是测试中的分数。那么聪明意味着什么呢？智力中有多大比例能够详细进行解释呢？我们又能够从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其他领域对智力了解多少呢？
虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，对人类智力进行定义的仍然是智商数。测试主要采用两种形式：一种是斯坦福-比奈智力量表，一种是温切斯勒智力量表（两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本）。尽管这两种测试的改编版在书店和互联网上占有一席之地，它们通常只由心理学家进行测试，花费为几百美元。像vos Savant那样的超高分数不再可能出现，这是因为现在的计分建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数学的基础上，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以胜利年龄再乘以100。其他一些标准化考试，如SAT和GRE，借鉴了智商测试的主要方面。
Robert J .Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。在他的"智商测试有多明智"一文中，Sternberg指出传统的考试很好地评价了分析和语言能力，而没有评估创造力和实践知识，而后者对解决问题和在生活中取得成功至关重要。此外，一旦人口或环境发生改变，智商测试就测得不准确了。研究表明当智商测试在压力小的环境下进行时，它能预测领导能力。当智商测试在压力大的环境下进行时，智商与领导力负相关，即它预测的内容正好相反。任何一个考过SAT的人都可以证实，考试技巧也是有关系的，要知道何时猜测，要跳过什么问题。
26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
[A] Answering philosophical questions．
[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes．
[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts．
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones．
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence．
[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet．
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different．
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence．
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant's because.
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now
[C] Vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that.
[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability
[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated
[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork
[D] traditional tests are out of date
30. What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests?
[A] Supportive
[B] Skeptical
[C] Impartial
[D] Biased
第一段中心句：It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers．并不明显的是，想象物体形状和算出数字规律的能力怎样就能让人能够回答那些让一部分最优秀的诗人和哲学家都难以回答的问题。
第二段中心句：Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. 显然，智力不只是一次测试成绩那么简单。
第三段中心句：The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be．虽然，智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数。
第四段中心句：Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life．argues Robert J．Sternberg．Robert J．Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。

kytwo

Text 3
During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities．Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months．
In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics．Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes，but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well．Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two paycheck status．As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setbacka backup earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick．This "added worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times．But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise stay at home partner．
During the same period，families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income．Steelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money．For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savingsaccount model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns．For younger families，the picture is not any better．Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable healthsavings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare．Even demographics are working against the middle class family，as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance-have jumped eightfold in just one generation．
From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders．The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind．
在上一代人中，曾经仰仗勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。现在一纸解雇通知书、一份病重诊断或夫妻离异都可能让一个稳定的中产家庭在几个月内变成新的贫困户。
仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。各行各业的学者、政策制定者和批评家们就这些变化的社会意义展开辩论，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭风险也提高了。现在的家庭预算达到了新的双薪家庭的极限。结果，他们就失去了在经济困顿时期具有的保护伞--作为后备力量的赚钱者（通常是妈妈）。如果家庭主要经济支柱失业了或者生病了，这个后备军可以进入劳动力市场。这个"附加的劳动力效果"会对由失业保险和伤残保险组成的安全网构成支持，帮助家庭渡过难关。但现在，家庭财富的中断不能再得到弥补，过去，这种弥补通过是由一个在正常情况下赋闲在家的伴侣出去工作获得的。
同时，家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。钢铁工人、航空公司职员，现在还有汽车企业员工都在担心利率，股票市场的波动以及自己会在有生之年花光退休金的严酷现实，这样的家庭有成百上千万个。在过去的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报。对于较年轻的家庭，情况没有好转。医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高--新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险。甚至人口统计学的结果也对中产阶级家庭不利，因为如果有一个年老力衰的父母亲，随之而来的照料所需要的精力和财力在一代的时间内也增加了八倍。
从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，可以理解，前面提到的多数情况看起来不像是一个承担更多经济责任的机会，而更像是一个将经济风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的加速过程。经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。
31. Today's doubleincome families are at greater financial risk in that.
[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared
[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased
[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics
[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance
32. As a result of President Bush's reform，retired people may have.
[A] a higher sense of security
[B] less secured payments
[C] less chance to invest
[D] a guaranteed future
33. According to the author, health savings plans will.
[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare
[B] popularize among the middle class
[C] compensate for the reduced pensions
[D] increase the families' investment risk
34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status
35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert
[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict
[D] The Middle Class in Ruins
第一段中心句：During the past generation，the American middle．class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities．在上一代人中，曾经依靠勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。
第二段中心句：In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics．仅仅大约一代人的时间，数百万母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。
第三段中心句：During the same period．families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income．同时，家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。
第四段中心句：The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind．经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。
Text 4
It never rains but it pours．Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn themespecially in America the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity．Left，until now, to odd，lowlevel IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of datarich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel，information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety．
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year-from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California，Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities．
"Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset，"says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school．"The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value，which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders"．Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School．"Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue，not a technical one," he says．
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss．Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands．
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage．Until California recently passed a law,  American firms did not have to tell anyone，even the victim，when data went astray．That may change fast：lots of proposed datasecurity legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington，D.C．Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit card accounts in America disclosed on June 17th overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security．
不雨则已，一雨倾盆。当老板和董事们刚刚整顿好最糟糕的财务和规章问题，加强了薄弱的公司机制之后，新的"数据不安全"问题可能让他们特别是在美国成为报纸恶毒的头版头条，毫无疑问，这会导致执行官们走马换任。直到现在，信息保护还只是临时的，低级IT员工的工作，只是在数据量大的行业诸如银行业，电信业，航空公司受到重视，而现在却高高列在各行各业老板们的日程表上。
今年几宗大的客户和雇员数据的泄露事件，包括时代华纳，美国国防承包商国际科学应用公司，甚至加州大学伯克利分校等差异如此大的机构，让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能存在的安全缺陷。
斯坦福大学商业院的Haim Medelson说，"数据正成为一种财产，需要像保护其他财产一样保护它。保护客户数据的能力对于市场价值至关重要，而市场价值是董事会应该对股民负责的。"确实，正如有公认的财会准则（GAAP）一样，到了有公认安全惯例（GASP）的时候了。纽约哥伦比亚大学商学院的Eli Noam建议，"为数据安全，备份，恢复设立适当的投资标准是一个管理问题，不是技术问题。"
令人费解的是这一问题似乎让老板们大吃一惊。想必最迟钝的老板也明白，信任是最有价值的经济资产，它能容易被毁掉，而修复信任需要花费巨资。没有什么能比一家公司让敏感的个人数据流到别有用心的人手里更能毁掉信任的了。
现在这种情况，虽然不合理，可能还由于缺乏对数据泄露的法律制裁而加剧（是美国缺乏法律制裁，而不是欧洲）。最近加州通过一项法令，在这之前，当数据泄露时，美国公司都不必告诉任何人，甚至是受害者本人。这种情况很快就会改变：许多有关数据安全的立法提案正在华盛顿特区进行讨论。同时6月17日公布的美国大约4千万信用卡账户信息失窃事件让一天前美国联邦贸易委员会公布的一个重要决定黯然失色，该决定通知美国公司如果不能提供充分的数据安全保障，就会按章惩罚。
36. The statement "It never rains but it pours" is used to introduce.
[A] the fierce business competition
[B] the feeble boss board relations
[C] the threat from news reports
[D] the severity of data leakage
37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out.
[A] whether there is any weak point
[B] what sort of data has been stolen
[C] who is responsible for the leakage
[D] how the potential spies can be located
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that.
[A] shareholders' interests should be properly attended to
[B] information protection should be given due attention
[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security
[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized
39. According to Paragraph 4，what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to.
[A] see the link between trust and data protection
[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data
[C] realize the high cost of data restoration
[D] appreciate the economic value of trust
40. It Can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that.
[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe
[B] FTC's decision is essential to data security
[C] California，takes the lead in security legislation
[D]legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage
第一段中心句：Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity．当老板和董事们刚刚整顿好糟糕的财务和规章问题，加强了薄弱的公司机制后，新的"数据不安全"问题可能让他们特别是在美国成为报纸最可怕的头版头条，毫无疑问，这会导致执行官们走马换任。
第二段中心句：Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities．今年几宗大的客户和雇员数据的泄露事件让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷。
第三段中心句：Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School．确实，正如有公认的财会准则一样，到了有公共安全惯例的时候了。纽约哥伦比亚大学商学院的埃利·诺姆提出如是建议。
第四段中心句：The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss．令人费解的是这一问题似乎让老板们大吃一惊。
第五段中心句：The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage．尽管不能成为理由，但相关法律惩罚的缺失（在美国，不是在欧洲）也许的确对目前信息泄露的局面起了推波助澜的作用。

kyfive

Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text(41-45) . The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids
[B] Build Your Kids' Work Skills
[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities
[D] Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis
[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
[G] Build Your Kids' Sense of Responsibility
How can a Parent Help?
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job's starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the startup adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I ca"work life unreadiness":
41.
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
42.
Kids need a range of authentic role models-as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinnertable discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying"I have no idea".They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.
43.
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn, parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a parttime job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.
44.
Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous bats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.
45.
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as  disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or illconceved as it may seem) have while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults. must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that  appreciates them.
父母如何提供帮助？
父母可以做很多事确保自己的孩子能够安全进入成人期。即使一份工作的起薪低得似乎很难满足一个即将成人的孩子的快速自我满足的需求，如果这个准成人准备好了的话，从学校向职场的转变可以少些困顿。这里有几种方法，选自我的书《不管是否准备好，生活已经开始》，父母可以借鉴它们来预防我称为"工作未准备好"的情况。
帮助孩子了解自己
当孩子们11或12岁的时候，你就可以开始这个过程。周期性地和他们一起评论他们显现出的优点和缺点，一起克服任何缺点，诸如在交流和合作方面遇到的困难。此外，还要发现他们一直以来的兴趣所在，这是因为它们会提供将来什么职业最适合他们的线索。
定期谈论关于未来的话题
孩子们需要一系列真实的行为榜样，这与他们小圈子里的成员、流行歌星及自负的运动不同。定期在晚餐桌前谈论家庭成员认识的人，他们是如何达成自己的理想的。讨论你自己职业中的快乐和不利方面，鼓励你的孩子就他们自己的前途有些想法。当问到他们想做什么的时候，应该阻止他们说"我没想法"他们可以200次改变自己的想法，但是对于前途看法模糊可不怎么好。
增强孩子的工作技能
教师负责教孩子如何学习，家长应该教孩子如何工作。给孩子分配家务，确保作业按时完成。鼓励十几岁的孩子做兼职工作。孩子们需要足够的练习才能够延迟自己的满足感，施展有效的组织才能，例如管理时间，设定优先考虑的事情等。
限制活动时间
玩电子游戏会让人们感到即时的满足。几个小时看带有录音的笑声的电视剧只会让孩子们消极地处理信息。同时，通过耳机长时间地听同一单调的节奏会让孩子们沉浸在自己的幻想中而不是努力追求其他的东西。这些活动会妨碍重要的沟通和思考能力的发展，孩子在未来大多数工作都需要的持续的注意力方面的发展很困难。
帮助孩子培养解决问题的能力
他们应该知道如何应对困境、压力及感觉能力不足的情况。他们应该学会如何解决问题和冲突，学习进行头脑风暴的方法，批判性地思考问题。家庭里讨论能够帮助孩子练习这些能力，帮助他们将这些技能应用到日常生活的不同情况。
那些已长大成人但是看起来在苦苦挣扎，漫无目的地在刚刚成人时游荡的那些儿女们该如何呢？家长们还扮演一个重要的角色，但现在这个角色更棘手些。他们必须小心，不让自己对孩子失望。他们应该表现出对自己还缺乏经验的孩子看起来还很天真或考虑不周所感兴趣的东西的强烈兴趣和尊敬，在探索他们未来的选择方面成为孩子们的伙伴。最重要的是，这些刚刚长大的孩子必须要感觉到他们受尊敬，得到一个欣赏他们的家庭的支持。
本篇讲述的是"父母如何帮助子女成长"。
第一段:父母如何采取措施，防止孩子从学校到工作和生活的不适应。
第二段：定期回顾孩子的长处和短处，发现他们的兴趣所在。
第三段：利用真实的榜样，确定对未来的打算。
第四段：教育孩子如何工作。
第五段：打游戏、看电视、听随身听会阻碍孩子的交流和思维技能发展，也会造成注意力分散。
第六段：帮助孩子锻炼处理问题的能力并付诸实践。
第七段：重申父母在孩子成长过程中的重要性。
[A]--不选
为孩子树立好的榜样。
[B]--43题
培养孩子的工作技能。
[C]--44题
限制休闲活动的时间
[D]--42题
经常讨论未来的发展。
[E]--45题
帮助孩子掌握解决问题的方法。
[F]--41题
帮助孩子弄清他们是谁。
[G]--不选
培养孩子的责任感。
选项［A］
选项［B］第四段话的主题是"how to work"(如何工作)，assign...、encourage...是具体的举例，因此第43处选B。
选项［C］第五段从playing video games、watching TV shows、listening through earphones可以判断这段话讨论leisure activities（休闲活动），这些活动要适可而止，所以第44处选C。
选项［D］从第三段：regular dinnertable discussions（经常在饭桌上开展讨论）、about their own future（关于他们自己的未来）......，由此可知D项填在第42处Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis（定期与孩子谈论未来）最符合题意。
选项［E］ 从第六段how to deal with...、how to solve...判断第45处选E: Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies。
选项［F］文章第二段：review their emerging strengths and weaknesses（回顾他们表现出来的优缺点）、identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best(弄清楚他们常常对什么感兴趣，因为它们会为他们将来最适合干什么提供线索)，这些都是指帮助他们认清自我，所以正确答案是41处。
选项［G］
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese．Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2．(10 points)
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities．However，only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities．(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person．Happily，the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law．
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education，its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators．Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment．On the one hand，it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice，democracy and freedom．(47)On the other，it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news．For example，notions of evidence and fact，of basic fights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law．Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career．
(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media．Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state，is a major subject for journalists．The  better informed they are about the way the state works，the better their reporting will be．(49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore，the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists．While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers．(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a wellgrounded understanding of the legal system．
几个世纪以来，欧洲的大学一直认为法学是一门基本学科。然而，直到最近几年，法学才成为加拿大大学本科专业的一个重要科目。传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权，而不是一个受过教育的人必备的知识才能。可喜的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立更传统、更具欧洲大陆特色的法律教育观点，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法学学士学位。
如果法学正在开始成为普通教育的重要组成部分，那么它的目标和方法应该会立刻吸引新闻学教育者。法律是一门鼓励负责任的判断的学科。一方面，它为分析像正义、民主和自由这样的概念提供机会。另一方面，如同记者每天在报道和评论新闻时会与生活建立起联系那样，法律把这些概念（公正、民主和自由）和日常实践联系在一起。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公共利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻编写过程中就如同在法庭上一样发挥作用。通过研读并思考法律来提高判断能力是一名新闻记者应该为其事业做的一项知识准备。
但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更为深刻地理解法律，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的既定惯例和特殊职责的理解。政治，或者广义上说，国家的职能，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。他们对国家的机制了解得越多，报道就越优秀。事实上，我们很难想象，对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清晰了解的记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道。
此外，法律体系及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。虽然法律报道的质量各有不同，但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。尽管律师提供的评论和反馈可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是依靠自己的理解并做出自己的判断。
46. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person．
[结构分析]
Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed/in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person．
这是一个简单句。Traditionally是状语，用来修饰整个语句；legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers是主句；短语rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person 用来补充说明前面语句。
[词义推敲]
legal learning  学习法律
viewed...as...把......视为......
intellectually equipment  知识装备
[翻译润色]
Traditionally传统上
..., legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers 这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权
rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person．而不是一个受过教育的人必备的知识才能。
[参考译文]
传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权，而不是一个受过教育的人必备的知识才能。
47. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news．
[结构分析]
On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities/in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news．
这是一个复合句。On the other作为状语，补充说明整个句子；it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner 是主句；定语从句which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news用来修饰名词"manner"；从句as they cover and comment on the news是时间状语从句。
[词义推敲]
link...to把......联系起来
be parallel to和......一样
cover 报道
comment on评论
[翻译润色]
On the other另一方面
..., it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner法律把这些概念和日常实践联系在一起
which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis如同会与生活建立起联系那样
as they cover and comment on the news记者每天在报道和评论新闻时
[参考译文]
另一方面，如同记者每天在报道和评论新闻时会与生活建立起联系那样，法律把公正、民主和自由这些概念和日常实践联系在一起。
48. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media．
[结构分析]
But the idea//that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on/all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media．
这是一个复合句。But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media是主句；同位语从句that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen用来补充说明"idea"的内容。
[词义推敲]
rest on 基于......
the established conventions 既定惯例
[翻译润色]
But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media 但是，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的即定惯例和特殊职责的理解
that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen新闻记者必须比普通公民更为深刻的理解法律
[参考译文]
但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更为深刻的理解法律，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的即定惯例和特殊职责的理解。
49. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
[结构分析]
In fact, it is difficult to see/how journalists//who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
这是一个特殊句型，"It is difficult to..."。句子中In fact做状语。主句为it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.在该句子中how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.整个从句作为动词"see"的宾语，同时who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution是定语从句，用来修饰"journalists"。
[词义推敲]
have a clear grasp of清楚把握
[翻译润色]
In fact事实上
..., it is difficult to see how journalists can do a competent job on political stories 我们很难想象，记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道
who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握
[参考译文]
事实上，我们很难想象，对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握的记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道。
50. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
[结构分析]
While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
这是一个复合句。While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories与it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.构成让步关系。
[词义推敲]
enhance提高，增加......的深度
rely on依靠
make their own judgments做出自己的判断
[翻译润色]
While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories尽管律师提供的评论和反馈可能会增加报道的深度
..., it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance ，但记者最好还是依靠自己的理解，
and make their own judgments. 并做出自己的判断。
[参考译文]
尽管律师提供的评论和反馈可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是依靠自己的理解，并做出自己的判断。

kysix

Section III  Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
SAMPLE
To whom it may concern,
I am writing the letter to make some suggestions for improving the service of our university library.      
On the whole, I think our library functions pretty well, but its service is far from being perfect. Firstly, it is quite convenient to arrange an inquiry desk at the circulation hall, which enables the students to ask questions whenever necessary. Then, with the help of a professional librarian, students can go through the procedures more efficiently. In addition, it would be most helpful if the students have access to the latest Issues of foreign magazines. Lastly, you'd better maintain strict order at the reading room. I frequently found myself Disturbed by certain students chatting and smoking there.      
It is my sincere hope that you will take my advice into consideration and I hold that it will benefit both the students and the university faculty as well.  
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) support your view with an example/examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
根据漫画不难发现，在足球场中一位球员等待射门，守门员等待接对方的射门。在射门球员头脑中有一种想法，他认为守门员体态庞大，挡住了球门，自己射门举步维艰；在守门员头脑中也有一种想法，他认为自己体态渺小，大部分球门裸露在外，对方可以轻易将球射进自家大门。漫画反映的是"缺乏自信导致失败"，即该文章的主题。
根据提纲中的信息1) describe the drawing,本文开头需要一个独立的段落，即描述漫画段。
根据提纲中的信息2) interpret its meaning本篇文章下文要体现出作者对该现象的评论，即漫画所传递的深刻含义。
根据提纲中的信息3) support your view with examples.本篇文章结尾处要体现出作者对该现象的评论，即引用具体实例阐述漫画表达的观点。
SAMPLE
How impressive the cartoon is in describing one of the most critical characteristic personalities concerning value and virtue! This cartoon depicts a picture of a football game with two players facing each other. One player is going to kick the ball while the goalkeeper is standing in front of a goal, ready to protect it. But both parties are losing their confidence. The striker magnifies the goalkeeper in his mind so that chances of shooting in are slim. Likewise, the goalkeeper minimizes his own image as if he couldn't defend the goal successfully.
Obviously, both of the players in the picture don't have enough confidence and if you have little confidence, how can you achieve your goal in life? The belief of what one can achieve and succeed often spells the difference between success and failure. On account of the fast pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals. The past few years have witnessed great increase in the difficulty of examinations and employment. Thus we must maintain powerful selfconfidence and optimism in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed.
Confidence can be shown in the performance of many people. Take LiuXiang as an example. It is because of his Selfconfidence that he never shrinks in front of other experienced players and works wonders again and again. On the contrary, some athletes do well in everyday training, but when facing other people they fail to present the best of themselves for the lack of self confidence.
As the saying goes, confidence is the first step to success! Only by building strong self confidence can we move closer to our dreams.