2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blankand mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to beinsensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals,we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smellswhich float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact
5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below onepart in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but notanother, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may bebecause some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smellreceptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to acertain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it oftenenough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain findsit
14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 newreceptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive toour own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell ofour own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain findsit best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 thesmell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. ［A］although ［B］as ［C］but ［D］while
2. ［A］above ［B］unlike ［C］excluding ［D］besides
3. ［A］limited ［B］committed ［C］dedicated ［D］confined
4. ［A］catching ［B］ignoring ［C］missing ［D］tracking
5. ［A］anyway ［B］though ［C］instead ［D］therefore
6. ［A］even if ［B］if only ［C］only if ［D］as if
7. ［A］distinguishing［B］discovering ［C］determining［D］detecting
8. ［A］diluted ［B］dissolved ［C］determining［D］diffused
9. ［A］when ［B］since ［C］for ［D］whereas
10. ［A］unusual ［B］particular ［C］unique ［D］typical
11. ［A］signs ［B］stimuli ［C］messages ［D］impulses
12. ［A］at first ［B］at all ［C］at large ［D］at times
13. ［A］subjected ［B］left ［C］drawn ［D］exposed
14. ［A］ineffective ［B］incompetent ［C］inefficient［D］insufficient
15. ［A］introduce ［B］summon ［C］trigger ［D］create
16. ［A］still ［B］also ［C］otherwise ［D］nevertheless
17. ［A］sure ［B］sick ［C］aware ［D］tired
18. ［A］tolerate ［B］repel ［C］neglect ［D］notice
19. ［A］availabe ［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable
20. ［A］similar to［B］such as ［C］along with ［D］aside from
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below eachtext by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)
passage 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if youlearn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has areputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regardedas “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would notbe capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by SarahBrosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which hasjust been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they sharetheir food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tendto pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” thanmales.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr.de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys toexchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchangepieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed inseparate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other wasgetting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable tocucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, thesecond was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if onereceived a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, theother either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, orrefused to ;accept the slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape inthe other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduceresentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided bysocial emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Suchco-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not beingcheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve ofpeople alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelingsabundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense offairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems formthe common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, anunanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
. posing a contrast.
. justifying an assumption.
. making a comparison.
. explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) impliesthat
. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probablybecause they are
. more inclined to weigh what they get.
. attentive to researchers' instructions.
. nice in both appearance and temperament.
. more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study thatthe monkeys
. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
. can be taught to exchange things.
. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
passage 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking wouldkill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That theevidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby wasout to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 millionsmokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave afteranother try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest wasa panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, totell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problemis largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protectourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this keypoint in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and itis critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the bestjudgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of presentactions.”
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that thescience about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumesinto the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious andgrowing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obviousthat a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warmingseriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for moreresearch-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward ondeeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If theAdministration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help tobegin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrdof West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry isa promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots ofnew power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect theatmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smokingand death.
. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades wasinsignificant.
. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
. a protector.
. a judge.
. a critic.
. a guide.
28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line,paragraph 4)
. Endless studies kill action.
. Careful investigation reveals truth.
. prudent planning hinders.
. Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about
. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
. Raise public awareness of conservation.
. Press for further scientific research.
. Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smokingbecause
. they both suffered from the government's negligence.
. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
. both of them have turned from bad to worse.
passage 3
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be leastwithin our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic issuspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated hisrevolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconsciousdesires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking ofthem as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work thatgoes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind'semotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And oneleading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be notonly harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleepand feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychologyat Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it , change it.”
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as activeduring REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is whenfully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But notall parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotionalbrain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center ofintellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy ofdepressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleepresearcher Dr, William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients inCartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in thenight, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that theyare working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because ourconscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about theemotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin todream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believesone can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as youawaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would likeit to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough tocontrol its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it intheir sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention toour dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,”Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings ofinsecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistentnightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain hasits ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'llfeel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
. can be modified in their courses.
. are susceptible to emotional changes.
. reflect our innermost desires and fears.
. are a random outcome of neural repairs.
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
. its function in our dreams.
. the mechanism of REM sleep.
. the relation of dreams to emotions.
. its difference from the prefrontal cortex.
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
. aggravate in our unconscious mind.
. develop into happy dreams.
. persist till the time we fall asleep.
. show up in dreams early at night.
34.Cartwright seems to suggest that
. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.
. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll.
. dreams should be left to their natural progression.
. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have haddreams?
. lead your life as usual.
. Seek professional help.
. Exercise conscious control.
. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
passage 4
American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing,to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to suchcommand themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation oflanguage and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist andcontroversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet anothercriticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter’s academic specialityis language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,forexample, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of thecase-endings of Old English
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, hasspelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even themodestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capturespoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal,performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In bothoral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity overcraft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and lowculture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is lessclear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As alinguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, includingnon-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there existsno language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is notarguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talkproper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks ofmemorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaboratespeech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorteracknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes noradical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of somethingbeautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead ofchina”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English
. is inevitable in radical education reforms.
. is but all too natural in language development.
. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.
. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.
37. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotes
. modesty.
. personality.
. liveliness.
. informality.
38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likelyagree?
. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complexideas.
39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows theauthor's
. interest in their language.
. appreciation of their efforts.
. admiration for their memory.
. contempt for their old-fashionedness.
40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as
. “temporary” is to “permanent”.
. “radical” is to “conservative”.
. “functional” is to “artistic”.
. “humble” is to “noble”
Part B
Directions:In the following text, some sentences have removed. ForQuestions 41-45, choosethe most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into ofthe numbered blank thereare two extra choices, which do not fit in any of thegaps. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have anybreath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs.
They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growingcomponent of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41.
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on healthcare-to say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of anational drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approveddrugs , bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would poolresources ,work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42.
But “national” doesn't have to mean that. “National” could meaninterprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiatebetter prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having oneprovince-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for agiven drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalfof all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economicssuggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of abetter price.
43.
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with thecreation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends toprovincial lists which new drugs should be included, predictably and regrettablyQuebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They(particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additionalbillions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of anationalist hasn't gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.
44.
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially theparts about more federal money perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs.
“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence onpharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost ofdrugs.”
45.
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usualcomplaint list, they should also get cracking about something in theirjurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
A. Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. Oneof the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increasesfrom 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
B. Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report:“the substantial buying power ofsuch an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans tonegotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies”
C. What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created NationalHealth Council.
D. The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, andwill continue to increase faster than government revenues.
E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information. prescriptiondrug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-carespending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace otherkinds of treatments part of it arises from new drugs costing more than olderkinds. Part of it is higher prices.
F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should provethey can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being playedoff against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
G. Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like dividedbuyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobsfrom one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes adrug on its, list the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. Theywouldn't like a national agency agency, but self-interest would lead them todeal with it.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWERSHEET2. (1
0points)
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in thisoverwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news becomeconfused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.(46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created andconveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect differentpeoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe .The Europe that is nowforming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and nationalidentities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European televisionscene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasinglysuccessful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazinesand publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian examplewould be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.
Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are goingto be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world tosurvive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty Europeantelevision networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige televisioncompanies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production anddistribution.
(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different culturesand traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent isno easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs inEurope for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North Americanmarket, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which aredifferent from our own.
In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more onco-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. Thisalso involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of aEuropean bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) Indealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity westand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity inour diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the variedpeculiarities of each country.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs &fashions. But now you find that the word is not what you expected. You decide toquit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision statingyour reason(s), and making an apology.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWERSHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming”instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In youressay ,you should first describe the drawing the interpret its meaning, and giveyour comment on it.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)
Section I: Use of English (10 points)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Part B (10 points)
41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
Part C (10 points)
46.电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。
47. 多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。
48.仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。
49. 创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的"欧洲统一体"绝非易事，需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。
50. 在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，"团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。"
Section III: Writing (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
51. 参考范文
A Letter, to Quit
Jun 22, 2005
Dear Mr. Wang,
First of all, please allow me to express my deep sorry to you for myresignation. I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that Iwrite to you for my explanation.
I decided to quit for some reasons as follows. To begin with, the job as aneditor for the magazine Designs & Fashions is not suitable to me. What'smore, I am preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study. Again,I apologize for my resignation to you!
I am looking forward to your early reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
Part B (20 points)
52. 参考范文
A Helpless Father
The picture ironically shows that a pitiable old man in rags is beinghelplessly kicked off by his three sons and a daughter, who all wear decentclothes. The father's negligent children are all guarding their home gates lesttheir old father "roll into" their households. In other words, they four ignoretheir moral sense of assuming the responsibility for their old father eventhough they may be all living a satisfying life. That is a painful scene weoften encounter in our daily life.
Sad to say, the moral decline of the younger generations may be a ratherexplosive situation in our modern society. People definitely have their livingconditions improved by wider and wider margins, as evidenced by the fourchildren's decent dressing, but their moral sense still remains sadly unchangedor in some cases becomes dramatically downgrading. Most people might have becometoo much self-centered, and even worse, they discard the tradition of givingrespect to the elderly. They no longer care for their elders, let alone theirneighbors or the disadvantaged; instead they try every means to avoidresponsibility for other citizens. When one cares for others, one might evenappear stupid or may even be distrusted.
Therefore, we have to take some useful measures to avoid the scene that ismentioned above. We must launch a variety of campaigns about the return to thegood tradition of giving help and love the elderly. Moreover, we must appeal toour government to establish some relevant laws to punish those who avoid theirduties. The last but not the least, our respect for age is an indication of theprogress of human society, as imperatives of traditions require. We sincerelywish that the old man could be welcome to any of the four households, elegantlydressed, and a smile on the face.
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