2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(23)
取自:Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
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Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because
[A] cost reduction is based on competition.
[B] services call for cross trade coordination.
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.
52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive.
[C] Indignant.
[D] Apprehensive.
53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
54. The word "arbiters"(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those
[A] who work as coordinators.
[B] who function as judges.
[C] who supervise transactions.
[D] who determine the price.
55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by
[A] the continuing acquisition.
[B] the growing traffic.
[C] the cheering Wall Street.
[D] the shrinking market.
核心词汇:
account a.叙述,说明;账目,账户vi.说明,解释
appeal vi.呼吁,恳求;申诉n.呼吁;申诉;吸引力(ap+peal)
attitude n.态度,看法(to, toward, about);姿势(att=apr能力,倾向+itude→态度)
capital n.首都;首府;资本;第一位的和首要的(capit头+al形容词后缀→头的→首要的→首都)
captive n.俘虏;着迷的人a.受控制的;被监禁的,被迷住的(capt抓+ive名词后缀或形容词后缀→俘虏)
charge v.索(价);控告;充电n.(pl.)费用,代价;电荷
compete vi.比赛;竞争;对抗(com共同+pete→共同追求一个目标→竞争)
complain v.(about,of)抱怨;申诉(com一起+plain悲哀→抱怨)
consolidation n.(consolidate+ion名词后缀)
coordinate a.同等的,并列的;坐标的n.坐标(co 共同+ordin+ate动词后缀→共同顺序→同等的)
cost n.成本,费用,代价v.价值为,花费
discriminate v.区别,辨别; 有差别地对待,歧视(dis不,消失掉+crimin分辨+ate→分辩开)
discrimination n. 辨别;歧视 即dis分离+crimin+ation名词后缀,crimin可看作criminal(罪犯)→要把罪犯"辨别"开来,但不可"歧视"
fierce a.凶猛的,残忍的;狂热的,强烈的
flourish n./v.繁荣,茂盛,兴旺(flour=flor+ish动词后缀→像花一样开放→繁荣)
fortune n.运气;命运;财产;财富(fort+une名词后缀→运气)
freight n.货物,货运,运费
invest vt.投资,投入(精力、时间等)
justify v.证明......正当(just公正,正当+ify动词后缀→证明......是正当的)
merge v.(使)结合,(使)合并,(使)合为一体(沉下→融为一体→合并)
monopoly n.垄断,专卖,专利权,专利事业(mono+poly→独家卖→垄断)
reduction n.减小,减少,缩小(reduct+ion名词后缀)
represent v.描述,表示;代表,代理;阐明,说明(re+present)
rival n.竞争的人, 对手v.竞争; 比得上(riv河岸+al形容词或名词后缀→居住在河岸两边的人→对手)
shrink v.起皱,收缩;退缩,畏缩
subscribe vt.捐赠;签署vi.订阅,订购 ;认捐;.同意;签名,签字(sub在下面+scribe写→在下面写上名字→签订单)
substantial a.实质的;相当的;显著的;坚固的;富裕的(sub+stant+ial形容词后缀→本质的)
throat n.咽喉,嗓子
难句分析:
难句1
Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
[分析]此句是由三个分句构成的,分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句较长,可以缩句为shippers have the right。shipper的后边跟了一个who引导的定语从句。
[译文]如果托运人感到他们被多收费,他们有权上诉到联邦政府的"地面运输系统"以争取价格下调。但这个过程耗财、耗时,并且只有在真正极端特殊的情况下才有作用。
难句2
If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
[分析]此句是if引导的条件状语从句。主句的主干是"shippers would do so"。Shipper的后边接了一个who引导的定语从句。最后一个逗号的后边是一个现在分词短语作状语。
[译文]他们认为,如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样的普通价格的话,那么,可以使用公路运输或其他交通工具的客户将会转移,使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。
难句3
It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
[分析]此句是由but连接的两个分句。第一个分句的主干部分是"It's theory...",后边紧跟了一个which引导的定语从句。but后边的分句的主语是it,谓语是leave。determining的后边接了两个并列的宾语从句:which companies will flourish and which will fail。
[译文]这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同,但在实际操作中,它使铁路公司获得了一个决定哪些公司昌盛、哪些公司衰败的权利。
文章类型:时文--社会科学--经济学
本文对铁路行业中并购的状况和趋势进行了观察,阐述了并购支持者和铁路托运商对铁路行业垄断的不同看法,以及他们对并购可能带来的影响的看法。
试题解析:
51 .根据那些支持合并者的观点,铁路垄断不可能发生,因为
[A] 成本的降低以竞争为基础。
[B] 服务需要跨行业的协调。
[C] 来自外面的竞争者将继续存在。
[D] 托运人将控制铁路运输。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [C]
该小题考查的是考生对具体信息的理解能力,解题关键在于第二段的前半段的内容。支持者认为:"Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.",意思是:因为要和卡车(指公路运输)竞争,所以不存在垄断的可能。所以选择[C]项。
52. 许多受控制的托运人对铁路部门合并的态度是什么?
[A] 漠不关心
[B] 支持
[C] 愤怒
[D] 担心
态度题【正确答案】 [D]
本题问的是货主的态度,通过文章中几处对托运人的描述,如:"But many shippers complain that..."(第2段),"Many captive shipper also worry..."(第5段),"Many captive shippers fear that..."(第5段),我们可以判断出托运人的态度是忧虑的,对未来的状况忧心忡忡。所以选择[D]项。
53. 根据文章第三段,可以推知:
[A] 如果没有竞争的铁路公司,托运者被索取的费用将少一些。
[B] 不久,全国将只剩下一家铁路公司。
[C] 被索价过多的托运人不可能上诉减少费率。
[D] 政府部门保证在铁路经营中实行公平竞争。
推理题【正确答案】 [C]
该小题考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。解题关键在于文章第三段末句:货主们若认为铁路公司收费不合理,可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低收费。但是,因为申诉的过程耗时费钱,所以极少人提出申诉。由此,我们可以推断出被索价过多的托运人不大可能提出申诉。
54. 单词"arbiters"(第四段)最可能的意思是那些
[A] 像协调员一样的工作者。
[B] 行使法官职能者。
[C] 监督交易者。
[D] 决定价格者。
词汇题【正确答案】 [B]
"arbiter"的意思是"仲裁者"。考生可以通过上下文猜测到这个含义。这个词出现在第四段的最后一句,其实它要表述的内容已在前一句体现了:"It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail."。由此,我们可以猜测出"arbiter"指的是"those who are in the position of determining something",所以选择[B]项。
55. 根据本文的观点,铁路业的成本增加主要是因为引起的。
[A] 持续的合并
[B] 日益繁忙的运输
[C] 令人鼓舞的华尔街股市
[D] 萎缩的市场
细节事实题【正确答案】[A]
该小题问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因,考查的是考生对文中因果关系的把握。最后一段以具体事例说明,铁路公司并购需要借很多的资金,是铁路公司目前的收入远远不能填补的。所以,铁路的经营成本提高。因此选择[A]项。
全文精译:
近年来,铁路公司相互合并,组成了超大型集团,引起人们对垄断的极大关注。近至1995年,四家大型铁路公司占有整个铁路运输业务的约70%。到明年,一系列兼并活动完成之后,四家铁路公司将控制90%以上的铁路运输业务。
第一段:指出了近年来铁路行业的合并现象。
支持组建超大型铁路集团的人认为,兼并将带来成本的大幅降低,并提供更好的协同。他们认为,在公路运输的激烈竞争面前,垄断的威胁已经不复存在。但许多托运人却抱怨说,对于依赖长途运输的大宗商品来说,如煤炭、化学制品和粮食,由于公路运输花费太大,这样铁路公司就会"掐他们的脖子"。
第二段:对比了支持铁路合并方和托运人这一方的截然相反的态度。
铁路运输业内的大规模联合意味着多数托运人将会依赖一家公司发货。通常,铁路公司对这些"被控"托运者的收费要比有另外铁路公司竞争业务时多20%30%。如果托运人感到他们被多收费,他们有权上诉到联邦政府的"地面运输系统"以争取价格下调。但这个过程耗财、耗时,并且只有在真正极端特殊的情况下才有作用。
铁路公司对"被控"托运人进行区别对待的依据是,从长远来看,这样做会降低所有人的成本。他们认为,如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样的普通价格的话,那么,可以使用公路运输或其他交通工具的客户将会转移,使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同,但在实际操作中,它使铁路公司获得了一个决定哪些公司昌盛、哪些公司衰败的权利。"我们是否真的想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢?"马丁·贝科维奇问道。他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。
许多"被控"托运人还担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的大幅涨价。从整体来说,虽然铁路行业有耀眼的资产,但它的收入仍然不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资。然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行相互兼并,而华尔街也鼓励它们这样做。请想一想今年南诺弗克公司和CSX公司在兼并康雷尔公司方面所花的102亿美元吧。康雷尔公司1996年铁路运营纯收入为4.27亿美元,这还不足这宗交易运作成本的一半。谁来支付其余的费用?许多"被控"托运人担心他们会,因为南诺弗克和CSX公司将增加对市场的控制。
最后三段:介绍了托运人对合并后可能出现的运费增加的极度忧虑。
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