『在美国科学界，种族和肤色是影响科研人员职称评定、获取科研经费的重要因素，而这种歧视会造成人才的极大浪费。』
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肤色不同，结果相异
August 20th 2011 | from The Economist
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YOU might expect that science, particularly American science, would be colour-blind. Though fewer people from some of the country’s ethnic minorities are scientists than the proportions of those minorities in the population suggest should be the case, once someone has got bench space in a laboratory, he might reasonably expect to be treated on merit and nothing else.
Unfortunately, a study just published in Science by Donna Ginther of the University of Kansas suggests that is not true. Dr Ginther, who was woq�ky"http://kaoyan.koolearn.com/zhuanshuo/mt/" target="_blank">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"http://www.economist.com/node/21526320">http://www.economist.com/node/21526320 | 
发表于 2017-8-5 22:01:45