考研英语（一）长难句解析系列——2015年新题型

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(本文作者为中公考研辅导名师——张玉环)　
　　本文选自Ways of Reading一书中的第一节，名为Asking Questions as A Way into Reading，主要讲述了人们在阅读中理解文章的过程，并指出因为个人背景不同所以读者对同一篇文章的阅读方式和内容理解也各不相同，但是每种阅读都有其存在的意义。全文中在长难句方面，难度还是比较大的。作为2015年的新题型，其中的复杂长难句不算少，句子较长且语法现象较多，因此给考生们造成了理解上的困难。下面就其中的典型例句进行分析：
　　【典型例句1】：On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
　　【难点点拨】：On the assumption：假设，假定;make a mental note：牢记，铭记;discourse entity：语篇实体;
　　【例句解析】：本句是一个复合句，主句是you make a mental note as well as possible links。介词短语of discourse entities作后置定语，修饰a mental note。介词短语between them作后置定语，修饰possible links，其中them指代前面的discourse entities。介词短语On the assumption作状语修饰主句。that they will become relevant later是由that引导的同位语从句，解释assumption。
　　【例句释义】：假设下文中会出现与这些词相关的信息，你会在心里记下这些语篇实体以及它们之间可能有的某些联系。
　　【典型例句2】：You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
　　【难点点拨】：inference：推断;validity：有效性，合理性;inevitably：不可避免地;
　　【例句解析】：本句是一个多重复合句，主句为You make further inferences。介词短语about how the text may be significant to you和about its validity由并列连词or连接，都作后置定语，修饰前面的inferences。名词—inferences做同位语，解释how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity这些推断内容。that form the basis of a personal response是由that引导的定语从句，修饰inferences。for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible是由for which引导的定语从句，修饰a personal response。
　　【例句释义】：你还会做出进一步的推断，例如文章对你有多么重要，或者它的有效性如何——这些推断构成了个体反应的基础，而文章作者对这种反应的影响必然要小得多。
　　【典型例句3】：What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.
　　【难点点拨】：in question：讨论中的;retrieval：恢复，重复;read off：读出，直接理解;timeless：永恒的;
　　【例句解析】：本句是一个复合句，主句为What is in question is not the retrieval or some timeless relation，其中主语是一个由what引导的主语从句What is in question。介词短语of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning 作为后置定语，修饰retrieval。that can be read off and checked for accuracy是由that引导的定语从句，修饰meaning。介词短语of the text to the world作为后置定语，修饰relation。
　　【例句释义】：这里讨论的“理解”并非是对文章绝对的、固定的或“真正的”意义的重复——这种意义可被直接读出来或者检验其准确性——也不是文章与世界的某种永恒联系。
　　【典型例句4】：Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
　　【难点点拨】：ascribe：归功于，归属于;interaction：互动，相互作用;textual：文本的;contextual：语境的，环境的，背景的;perceive：感觉，得到;
　　【例句解析】：本句是一个多重复合句，主句为we ascribe meanings to texts。介词短语on the basis of interaction作状语，修饰主句。介词短语between what we might call textual and contextual material作后置定语，修饰interaction。介词短语between kinds of organization or patterning and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude做同位语，解释between what we might call textual and contextual material。we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures)是省略that的定语从句，修饰organization or patterning。that we bring to the text是由that引导的定语从句，修饰background, social knowledge, belief and attitude。
　　【例句释义】：与之相反，我们赋予文章以意义，基于我们可称之为文章本身和出身背景之间的相互作用：即我们从文章的形式结构(尤其是它的语言结构)中所得到的各种组织和模式与我们理解文章时所带入的各种背景、社会知识、信仰和态度之间的相互作用。
　　【典型例句5】：Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
　　【难点点拨】：overlapping：重叠的;
　　【例句解析】：本句是一个复合句，主句为debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values。Precisely because readers produce different but overlapping readings是由because引导的原因状语从句，修饰主句。 介词短语from different historical periods, places and social experiences作后置定语，修饰readers。介词短语of the same words on the page作后置定语，修饰readings。including for texts作为同位语，解释readings。that engage with fundamental human concerns是由that引导的定语从句，修饰texts。
　　【例句释义】：恰恰因为来自于不同历史时期、不同地方和拥有不用社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字——包括那些涉及人类基本问题的文章——会产生不同但又有重合的解读，关于文章的争论才会在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。
　　总之，由于本文中对于后置定语、状语、定语从句、宾语从句等知识点考查较多，因此大家课下需要多多复习，尤其是要弄懂其中的难点。此外，如果时间充足的话，可以多读一些外国核心期刊文章，如《经济学人》、《新闻周刊》等，积累英语国家新闻中常用到的表达。