本文主要讨论了动物是否有权利这一问题,指出了人们的普遍看法,即动物没有权利,并分析了产生这一看法的原因;最后指明对于这一问题我们应该持有的提法并指出对此我们所需要的两种能力——同情心和将心比心的想象力。作为1997年考研英语试卷的翻译题,句子难度必然会较前面题型有所提升,尤其是文中所划出并要求翻译的五个句子,无论是在分析理解还是翻译成汉语上,都存在一定难度。但是这篇真题距离现在也已有十多年,与最近的真题相比,难度还是相对较小的。下面就其中的典型例句进行分析:
【典型例句1】:Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
【例句解析】:本句主干为Some philosophers argue that rights exist;其中包含一个that引导的宾语从句。 only within a social contract和as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements都是介词短语作状语,修饰宾语从句。
【难点点拨】:social contract:社会契约;entitlement:权利,权益;
【例句释义】:有些哲学家认为,权利只存在于社会契约中,作为责任与权益交换的一部分。
【典型例句2】:The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd,for exactly the same reason,so is the idea that tigers have rights.
【例句解析】:本主干为The idea is absurd,so is the idea。of punishing a tiger是介词短语作后置定语,修饰The idea。that kills somebody是定语从句,修饰tiger。for exactly the same reason是介词短语作原因状语,修饰之后的句子。that tigers have rights是that引导的同位语从句,解释the idea。
【例句释义】:要惩罚杀了人的老虎的想法是非常荒唐的,而恰恰是因为同样的原因,老虎拥有权利的想法也是如此。
【典型例句3】:It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.
【例句解析】:本句主干为It leads the discussion to extremes。at the outset是介词短语作时间状语,修饰主干。it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all位于冒号之后,解释前面的句子;其中that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all是that引导的宾语从句;either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all是由either…or…连接的并列的方式状语,修饰宾语从句;humans extend to other humans是省略引导词的定语从句,修饰前面的consideration。
【难点点拨】:at the outset:开始,起初;
【例句释义】:这种说法一开始就将讨论引向极端:它使你认为应如此对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样给予关心,要么完全冷漠无情。
【典型例句4】:Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
【例句解析】:本句主干为extremists think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice,包含一个that引导的宾语从句。of this kind是介词短语作后置定语,修饰extremists。Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect是现在分词短语作伴随状语,修饰主干;其中that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect是that引导的同位语从句,解释view。
【难点点拨】:respect:方面;
【例句释义】:这类极端主义者们认为,人与动物在各个相关方面都不相同,对待动物我们不需要考虑道德问题。
【典型例句5】:When that happens,it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
【例句解析】:本句主干为it is not a mistake。When that happens是时间状语从句,修饰主干。it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at位于冒号之后,解释全面的句子内容;其中,for moral reasoning是介词短语作猴子定语,修饰mankind’s instinct;in action是介词短语作补足语,对mankind’s instinct进行补充说明;an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at是名词短语作同位语,解释前面提到的mankind’s instinct;that should be encouraged rather than laughed at是that引导的定语从句,修饰an instinct。
【难点点拨】:instinct:本能;in action:在运转,在起作用;
【例句释义】:当这种反应发生时,它并不是个错误:这是人类进行道德推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应该得到鼓励而不该被嘲弄。
总之,由于本文中对于定语后置、定语从句、同位语等知识点考查较多,因此对此大家课下需要多多复习。此外,如果时间充足的话,可以多读一些地地道道的外国文章,如《经济学人》等,积累英语国家的常用表达。
(本文作者为中公考研英语辅导名师——张玉环)