2012年考研英语阅读理解考前预测模拟试题

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　　值此冲刺期间，大家对自己的实力应该有个底了，为了让考生朋友们能够尽早进入考研考试状态，跨考教育英语教研室在此为大家准备了两份英语阅读的模拟试题。
        　　卷一
        　　Section ⅡReading Comprehension
        　　Part A
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
        　　Text1
        　　We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute”.
        　　We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary.
        　　The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm.
        　　Sex roles were determined according to the “place”appropriate to each. Women's place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world (private and public) gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved”. To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man.
        　　Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence. (454 words)
        　　Notes: pin down 把…讲明确;确定。immutable不可改变的。dualism双重论。divergence分歧，偏离。overlapping部分巧合、一致。time-honored 由来已久的。dichotomy 一分为二，对立。sequester使隔离。be caught up in 被缠住于，如：He is caught up in the trivia (琐事) of everyday things. unduly过度地，不恰当地。
        　　21. It is only in recent years that we have recognized that
        　　[A]there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.
        　　[B]the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous.
        　　[C]the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture.
        　　[D]the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.
        　　22. From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because
        　　[A]the change in sex roles is out of the question.
        　　[B]women's lib has been going on for many years.
        　　[C]ideas about the roles of women have been changing.
        　　[D]the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the women's roles.
        　　23. The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s was
        　　[A]preferable.
        　　[B]prevalent.
        　　[C]presumable.
        　　[D]precedent.
        　　24. According to the fourth paragraph, the author seems to think that
        　　[A]female passivity is natural.
        　　[B]men and women are physically identical.
        　　[C]men are born competitive and aggressive.
        　　[D]some different sex identity is acquired.
        　　25. According to the author, which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work?
        　　[A]Wish to claim their rights and freedom.
        　　[B]Ambition and self-fulfillment.
        　　[C]Financial incentives.
        　　[D]Desire for a social life.
        　　Text2
        　　The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably vigorous and steady fashion. The revival in consumer confidence was reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and the marked increase in consumer willingness to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up rate of plant and equipment spending and a gradual pickup in expenses for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength of the stock market and in the stability of the bond market. For the year as a whole, consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West tensions.
        　　The bases of the business expansion were to be found mainly in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies that had been pursued. Moreover, the restoration of sounder liquidity positions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a strong expansion. In addition, the economic policy moves made by the President had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes that inflation would be brought under more effective control. Finally, of course, the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficient leeway existed in terms of idle men and machines.
        　　The United States balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless, by any other test, the deficit remained very large, and there was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit, almost two-thirds of which was with Japan. While the overall trade performance proved disappointing, there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devaluation to produce in time a significant strengthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit, however, the outcome will depend importantly on the extent of the corrective measures undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United States to fashion internal policies consistent with an improvement in our external balance.
        　　The underlying task of public policy for the year ahead—and indeed for the longer run—remained a familiar one: to strike the right balance between encouraging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pressures. With the economy showing sustained and vigorous growth, and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our competitive posture internationally, the emphasis seemed to be shifting to the problem of inflation. The Phase Three program of wage and price restraint can contribute to reducing inflation. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy's larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided. (449 words)
        　　Notes: inventory 存货。East-West tensions 东西方紧张局势。fiscal (与国库的钱有关的)财务的(常指税收)。liquidity 周转率，清偿力。leeway 余地。given 鉴于，由于。the Phase Three program 第三阶段计划。

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        　　26. The author mentions increased installment debt in the first paragraph in order to show
        　　[A]the continuing expansion of the economy.
        　　[B]the growth of consumer purchasing power.
        　　[C]the consumers'confidence in the economy.
        　　[D]the soaring consumer incomes for spending.
        　　27. Paragraph 2 mainly deals with
        　　[A]the revival of stronger liquidity positions.
        　　[B]the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies.
        　　[C]the causes of business development for the period.
        　　[D]economic policy measures suggested by the President.
        　　28. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the author's attitude toward the reduction of the international payments deficit seems
        　　[A]bitter-sweet.
        　　[B]optimistic.
        　　[C]sympathetic
        　　[D]depressing.
        　　29. Part of the public policy task, as outlined in the text, is to
        　　[A]prevent payments deficit.
        　　[B]avoid inflationary pressures.
        　　[C]devalue the dollar.
        　　[D]increase the balance of trade.
        　　30. It can be learned from the last paragraph that the Phase Three program contained
        　　[A]reduced government spending.
        　　[B]devaluation of the dollar.
        　　[C]productivity measures.
        　　[D]wage and price controls.
        　　Text3
        　　Shopping has always been something of an impulse activity, in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact, carefully positioning inexpensive but attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross, hoping that our human nature will lead to a greater profit for them. With the dawn of the Internet and its exploding use across the world, the same tactics apply.
        　　Advertisers now place “banners”, links to commercial web sites decorated with attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs, on key web sites with heavy traffic. They pay top dollar for the right, thus creating profits for the hosting web site as well. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing, we'll click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus, in theory, buy the products advertised.
        　　Initial results have been positive. Web sites report a huge inflow of cash, both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites, which are paid for allowing the banners to be put in place. As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and information security is heightened with new technology, the volume of buying is increasing, leading to even greater profits.
        　　The current situation, however, is not quite as optimistic. Just as magazine readers tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals, web browsers are beginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales, since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners, preferring not to support the system that puts them in place. If Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business practice, new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry.
        　　With the recent depression in the technology sector and slowing economy, even new practices may not do the trick. As consumers are saving more and frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counterparts, the fate of Internet business is called into question. The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether shopping on the world wide web is the wave of the future or simply an impulse activity whose whim has passed. (404 words)
        　　Notes: on a whim 心血潮。surf v. 冲浪。in theory在理论上，顺理成章。hosting访问率高的。call...into question质疑，对…提出疑问。
        　　31. It can be learned from the first paragraph that Internet advertising
        　　[A] has taken the place of more traditional methods of advertising.
        　　[B] is one of the most effective ways to make profits on the web.
        　　[C] is paralleling advertising methods in traditional business settings.
        　　[D] seeks to tempt customers through impulse shopping methods.
        　　32. The second and third paragraphs are written in order to illustrate
        　　[A] the policy Internet advertisers design to lure clientele and its outcome.
        　　[B] the process and mixed consequences of Internet advertising and shopping.
        　　[C] the biggest splash Internet advertisers have recently made in sales promotions.
        　　[D] the banners Internet advertisers take advantage of to arouse customers'interest.
        　　33. Analyzing the current state of the online advertising in paragraph 4, the author implies that
        　　[A] it has to be modified over time to remain effective.
        　　[B] for all its current profits, it will fade in the long run.
        　　[C] banners are beginning to lose their advertising efficiency.
        　　[D] Internet advertising methods will continue to decrease sales.
        　　34.The expression “do the trick” in the last paragraph most probably means
        　　[A] come to the point.
        　　[B] fulfill their purpose.
        　　[C] fail of their success.
        　　[D] live up to their promise.
        　　35. The author's attitude toward online advertising can be summarized as
        　　[A] reserved consent but discontent.
        　　[B] objective analysis void of opinions.
        　　[C] enthusiastic support but slight contempt.
        　　[D] approval so far but uncertainty in the future.
        　　Text4
        　　Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer's temperament, discovering itself through the camera's cropping of reality. That is, photography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of fearlessness, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.
        　　These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.
        　　An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography's means. Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton's high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.
        　　This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness. (451 words)

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        　　Notes: crop vt. 播种，修剪(树木)，收割。count for little 无关紧要。predatory 掠夺成性的。champion n. 冠军;vt. 支持。benevolent好心肠的，行善的。ambivalence 矛盾心理。make (+不定式)似乎要: He makes to begin. (他似乎要开始了。)swirls and eddies 漩涡。cult狂热崇拜。daguerreotypes (初期的)银板照相法。
        　　36. The two directly opposite ideals of photography differ primarily in the
        　　[A]emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished product.
        　　[B]degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographer.
        　　[C]way in which each defines the role of the photographer.
        　　[D]extent of the power that each requires of the photographer's equipment.
        　　37. According to paragraph 2, the interest among photographers in each of the photography's two ideals can be described as
        　　[A]steadily growing.
        　　[B]cyclically recurring.
        　　[C]continuously altering.
        　　[D]spontaneously occurring.
        　　38. The text states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT:
        　　[A]They can display a cropped reality.
        　　[B]They can convey information.
        　　[C]They can depict the photographer's temperament.
        　　[D]They can change the viewer's sensibilities.
        　　39. The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of
        　　[A]the relationship between photographic originality and technology.
        　　[B]how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentieth.
        　　[C]the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth century.
        　　[D]how a controlled ambivalence toward photography's means can produce outstanding pictures.
        　　40. The author is primarily concerned with
        　　[A]describing how photographers'individual temperaments are reflected in their work.
        　　[B]establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography.
        　　[C]analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-taking.
        　　[D]explaining how the technical limitations affect photographers'work.
        　　Part B
        　　Directions:
        　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
        　　The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter.
        　　41)______________________ Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. 42)_________________________
        　　Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 43)___________________________
        　　44)______________________________
        　　These inventions and discoveries—fire, speech, weapons domestic animals, agriculture, and writing—made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B.C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was, of course, an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time. 45)______________________ (512 words)
        　　Notes: ape 猿。pastoral nomad 田园式的游牧部落的人。the Euphrates 幼发拉底河。the Tigris 底格里斯河。the Indus 印度河。in question所谈的(在名词后作后置定语)。
        　　[A] Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.
        　　[B] Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.
        　　[C] With the development of civilization, primitive people who lived in caves at that time badly needed a language, which would help them to communicate with one another.
        　　[D] The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually.
        　　[E] In fact, there was progress—there were even two inventions of very great importance, namely, gunpowder and the mariner's compass—but neither of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.
        　　[F] These were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.
        　　[G] But industry was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age.

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        　　Part C
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
        　　Our daily existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work many hours a day and we allow the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping. 46) The rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment.
        　　We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. 47) It is, I suppose, the decline of active play — of amateur sport — and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure “viewing” television programs, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition, we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48) There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them.
        　　49) It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work.
        　　Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. 50) There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.(356 words)
        　　卷二
        　　Section ⅡReading Comprehension
        　　Part A
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
        　　Text1
        　　Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes: emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. “The burnt child fears the fire” is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler. Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes come from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were influenced largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read.
        　　The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose words are highly regarded by them.
        　　Another reason it is true is that pupils often devote their time to a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired little knowledge of Mexico his teachers method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.
        　　The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are innumerable. Social studies (with special reference to races, creeds and nationalities), science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom... these are a few of the fertile fields for the inculcation of proper emotional reactions.
        　　However, when children go to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by cajoling or scolding them. She can achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences.
        　　To illustrate, first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will probably alter their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neighborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them. In the same way, a class of older children can develop attitudes through discussion, research, outside reading and all-day trips.
        　　Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be negative if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decision as a result of objective analysis of all the facts. (377 words)
        　　Notes: point up (=emphasize)强调，突出。touch upon 触及。creed 信条，教义。inculcation谆谆教诲。cajoling 哄骗。
        　　21. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?
        　　[A] An assertion is made and two examples are given to illustrate it.
        　　[B] A controversy is stated and two opposite points of view are presented.
        　　[C] A widely accepted definition is presented and two men are described.
        　　[D] An idea is stated and two results of recent research are summarized.
        　　22. The central idea conveyed in the above text is that
        　　[A] attitudes affect our actions.
        　　[B] teachers play a significant role in developing or reshaping pupils attitudes.
        　　[C] attitudes can be modified by some classroom experiences.
        　　[D] by their attitudes, teachers don't affect pupils' attitudes deliberately.
        　　23. In paragraph 6 the author implies that
        　　[A] the teacher should guide all discussions by revealing her own attitude.
        　　[B] in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of methods can be used in the upper grades than in the lower grades.
        　　[C] people usually act on the basis of reasoning rather than on emotion.
        　　[D] children's attitudes often come from those of other children.
        　　24. A statement not made or implied in the text is that
        　　[A] attitudes can be based on the learning of untrue statements.
        　　[B] worthwhile attitudes may be developed in practically every subject area.
        　　[C] attitudes cannot easily be changed by rewards and lectures.
        　　[D] the attitudes of elementary school-aged children are influenced primarily by the way they were treated as infants.
        　　25. The text specially states that
        　　[A] direct experiences are more valuable than indirect ones.
        　　[B] whatever attitudes a child learns in school have already been introduced at home.
        　　[C] teachers can sometimes have an unwholesome influence on children.
        　　[D] teachers should always conceal their own attitudes.

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        　　Text2
        　　An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, and harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
        　　It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries' economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedure for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
        　　There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
        　　Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of “shop stewards” in many unions, “shop stewards” being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level. (411 words)
        　　26. Why is the interdependence of the UK economy mentioned in paragraph 1?
        　　[A] To point up the importance of the trade union power.
        　　[B] To outline in brief the great scale of essential services.
        　　[C] To illustrate the danger in the whole economic system.
        　　[D] To bring out a centralized and concentrated industrial society.
        　　27. Because of their out-of-date organization some unions find it difficult to
        　　[A] recruit new members to join.
        　　[B] remold themselves as industries change.
        　　[C] adapt to advancing technologies.
        　　[D] bargain for high enough wages.
        　　28. Disagreements arise between unions because some of them
        　　[A] take over other unions' jobs.
        　　[B] try to win over members of other unions.
        　　[C] protect their own members at the expense of others.
        　　[D] intend to represent workers in new trade organizations.
        　　29. What basic problem are we told most trade unions face?
        　　[A] They are equal in size of influence.
        　　[B] They are less powerful than ever before.
        　　[C] They don't have enough members.
        　　[D] They are not organized efficiently.
        　　30. The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be
        　　[A] British Trade Unions and Their Drawbacks.
        　　[B] A Centralized and Concentrated Society.
        　　[C] The Power of Trade Unions in Britain.
        　　[D] The Structure of British Trade Unions.
        　　Text3
        　　Is the literary critic like the poet, responding creatively, intuitively, subjectively to the written word as the poet responds to human experience? Or is the critic more like a scientist, following a series of demonstrable, verifiable steps, using an objective method of analysis?
        　　For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will provoke special risks whichever side of the issue it favors. If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific—a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can perform—the definition not only makes the critic-as-artist approach impossible, but may also hinder accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles. If she defines feminist criticism as creative and intuitive, privileged as art, then her work becomes vulnerable to the prejudices of stereotypic ideas about the ways in which women think, and will be dismissed by much of the academic establishment. Because of these prejudices, women who use an intuitive approach in their criticism may find themselves charged with inability to be analytical, to be objective, or to think critically. Whereas men may be free to claim the role of critic-as-artist, women run different professional risks when they choose intuition and private experience as critical method and defense.
        　　These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle, in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
        　　As long as the academic establishment continues to regard objective analysis as “masculine” and an intuitive approach as “feminine,” the theoretician must steer a delicate philosophical course between the two. If she wishes to construct a theory of feminist criticism, she would be well advised to place it within the framework of a general theory of the critical process that is neither purely objective nor purely intuitive. Her theory is then more likely to be compared and contrasted with other theories of criticism with some degree of dispassionate distance. (418 words)

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        　　31. Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the text?
        　　[A] How Theories of Literary Criticism Can Best Be Used
        　　[B] Problems Confronting Women Who Are Feminist Literary Critics
        　　[C] A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism
        　　[D] Literary Criticism: Art or Science?
        　　32. According to the author, the debate has special significance for the woman who is a theoretician of feminist literary criticism because
        　　[A] women who are literary critics face professional risks different from those faced by men who are literary critics.
        　　[B] there are large numbers of capable women working within the academic establishment.
        　　[C] there are a few powerful feminist critics who have been recognized by the academic establishment.
        　　[D] like other critics, most women who are literary critics define criticism as either scientific or artistic.
        　　33. The author specifically mentions all of the following as difficulties that particularly affect women who are theoreticians of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT the
        　　[A] tendency of a predominantly male academic establishment to form preconceptions about women.
        　　[B] limitations that are imposed when criticism is defined as objective and scientific.
        　　[C] likelihood that the work of a woman theoretician who claims the privilege of art will be viewed with prejudice by some academics.
        　　[D] tendency of members of the academic establishment to treat all forms of feminist literary theory with hostility.
        　　34. It can be inferred that the author would define as “political”(Line 1, Para. 3) the questions that
        　　[A] cannot be resolved without extensive debate.
        　　[B] are primarily academic in nature and open to abstract analysis.
        　　[C] are contested largely through contention over power.
        　　[D] will be debated by both men and women.
        　　35. Which of the following is most likely to be one of the “utilitarian political objectives” mentioned by the author?
        　　[A] To forge a new theory of literary criticism.
        　　[B] To pursue truth in a disinterested manner.
        　　[C] To demonstrate that women are interested in literary criticism that can be viewed either subjectively or objectively.
        　　[D] To convince the academic establishment to revise the ways in which it assesses women scholars professional qualities.
        　　Text4
        　　Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil right activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack of access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500, 000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
        　　Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to 1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.
        　　Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investment in new plants, staff, equipment and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
        　　A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionment through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil right groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
        　　Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success. (469 words)
        　　Notes: civil rights activists公民权利激进分子。Hispanics西班牙后裔美国人。sizable orders大额订单。subcontract转包合同。on forms filed with the government在政府存档备案。percentage goals指标。apportionment分配，分派。public works市政工程。letup减弱，缓和。promising as it is... 这是as引导的让步状语从句，表语倒装了。patronage优惠。concern n. 公司。and the like以及诸如此类的。crippling fixed expenses引起损失的固定开支。the world of大量的。bid投标。to cash in on...靠…赚钱。team up一起工作，合作。fronts在此处意为“摆门面”。complacency自满。
        　　36. The primary purpose of the text is to
        　　[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.
        　　[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.
        　　[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.
        　　[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.
        　　37. According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have
        　　[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.
        　　[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.
        　　[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.
        　　[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.
        　　38. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to
        　　[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.
        　　[B] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.
        　　[C] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.
        　　[D] revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts.
        　　39. The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should
        　　[A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding.
        　　[B] concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation.
        　　[C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.
        　　[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation.
        　　40. According to the organization of the text, it most likely appeared in
        　　[A] a business magazine.
        　　[B] an accounting textbook.
        　　[C] a dictionary of financial terms.
        　　[D] a yearbook of business statistics.

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        　　Part B
        　　Directions:
        　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
        　　[A] By contrast, somewhat more than 25 percent of the earth's population can be found in the industrialized societies. They lead modern lives. They are products of the first half of the twentieth century, molded by mechanization and mass education, brought up with lingering memories of their own country's agricultural past. They are, in effect, the people of the present.
        　　[B] The remaining 2 or 3 percent of the world's population, however, are no longer people of either the past or the present. For within the main centers of technological and cultural change, in Santa Monica, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts, in New York and London, and Tokyo, are millions of men and women who can already be said to be living the way of life of the future. Trend-makers often without being aware of it, live today as millions will live tomorrow. And while they account for only a few percent of the global population today, they are already from an international nation of the future in our midst. They are the advanced agents of man, the earliest citizens of the worldwide super-industrial society now in the throes of birth.
        　　[C] It is, in fact, not too much to say that the pace of life draws a line through humanity, dividing us into camps, triggering bitter misunderstanding between parent and child, between Madison Avenue and Main Street, between men and women, between American and European, between East and West.
        　　[D] What makes them different from the rest of mankind? Certainly, they are richer, better educated, more mobile than the majority of the human race. They also live longer. But what specifically marks the people of the future is the fact that they are already caught up in a new, stepped-up pace of life. They “live faster” than the people around them.
        　　[E] The inhabitants of the earth are divided not only by race, nation, religion or ideology, but also, in a sense, by their position in time. Examining the present population of the globe, we find a tiny group who still live, hunting and food-foraging, as men did millennia ago. Others, the vast majority of mankind, depend not on bear-hunting or berry-picking, but on agriculture. They live, in many respects, as their ancestors did centuries ago. These two groups taken together compose perhaps 70 percent of all living human beings. They are the people of the past.
        　　[F] Some people are deeply attracted to this highly accelerated pace of life—going far out of their way to bring it about and feeling anxious, tense or uncomfortable when the pace slows. They want desperately to be “where the action is.” James A. Wilson has found, for example, that the attraction for a fast pace of life is one of the hidden motivating forces behind the muchpublicized “brain-drain”—the mass migration of European scientists and engineers who migrated to the U.S. and Canada. He concluded that it was no higher salaries or better research facilities alone, but also the quicker tempo that lure them. The migrants, he writes, “are not put off by what they indicated as the ‘faster pace' of North America; if anything, they appear to prefer this pace to others.”
        　　[G] The pace of life is frequently commented on by ordinary people. Yet, oddly enough, it has received almost no attention from either psychologists or sociologists. This is a gaping inadequacy in the behavioral sciences, for the pace of life profoundly influences behavior, evoking strong and contrasting reactions from different people. (578 words)
        　　Notes: gaping 是gape的现在分词;gape vi. 裂开。not too much一点儿也不多，一点儿也不过分。Madison Avenue 麦迪逊街(纽约一条街道的名字。美国主要广告公司、公共关系事务所集中于此。常用以表示此等公司之作风、做法等。)。Main Street实利主义社会。food-foraging觅食的。millennium千年。trend-maker(=trend-setter) 领导新潮的人。in the throes of为…而苦干、搏斗。be caught up in 陷入。going far out of their way to bring it about远远没有阻碍它的诞生。brain-drain(高科技)人才流动(从欧洲到美洲)。
        　　Order:
       

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        　　Part C
        　　Directions:
        　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
        　　46) A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward “directed” or “programmed” research; i. e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand.
        　　At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense: the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. 47) Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform.
        　　48) As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently. The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. 49) Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed (programmatic) research.
        　　One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations. 50) In consequence, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.
        　　Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science—and not only pure science, but applied science as well. (409 words)