2015年考研英语阅读模拟练习题（6）

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　　Text 1
    　　To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is neededfor the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing。”One suchcause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animalshave rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respondforcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the publicand thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of theanimal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on publicfunding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearingallegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed thatanyone would deliberately harm an animal。
    　　For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights boothat a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers notto use anything that comes from or is animals—no meat , no fur, nomedicines, Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccinescome from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I wouldhave to say yes。” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “ Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers。” Such well-meaningpeople just don't understand。
    　　Scientists must communicate their message to the public in acompassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need tomake clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hipreplacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even apet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed toproduce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animalresearch seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。
    　　Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middleschool classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respondto letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged andacquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be openedto tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, becausethe ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community shouldactively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as StephenCooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is areal possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the preciousembers of medical progress。
    　　31. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to
    　　[A] call on scientists to take some actions。
    　　[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights。
    　　[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research。
    　　[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement。
    　　32. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
    　　[A] cruel but natural。
    　　[B] inhuman and unacceptable。
    　　[C] inevitable but vicious。
    　　[D] pointless and wasteful。
    　　33. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show thepublic’s
    　　[A] discontent with animal research。
    　　[B] ignorance about medical science。
    　　[C] indifference to epidemics。
    　　[D] anxiety about animal rights。
    　　34. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animalrights advocates, scientists should
    　　[A] communicate more with the public。
    　　[B] employ hi-tech means in research。
    　　[C] feel no shame for their cause。
    　　[D] strive to develop new cures。
    　　35. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
    　　[A] a well-known humanist。
    　　[B] a medical practitioner。
    　　[C] an enthusiast in animal rights。
    　　[D] a supporter of animal research。

kythree

    　　Text 2
    　　I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade，it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel，and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So，as a neuroscientist，I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach.
    　　The first question I must answer is：“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First，let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis，but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion，that it gives a scientific，rather than a superstitious，answer to the question of how best to lead a happy，fulfilled life.
    　　I would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life，but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact，psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion，it is just another religion.
    　　This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions，truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who，in their turn，pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot be questioned.In science，on the other hand，truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction，they show the law to be false.A new experimental result，or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results，can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot，in principle，be proved wrong then it tells us nothing.
    　　Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts，and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred，but they are definitely mysteries.
    　　Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course，that doesn‘t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were，religion would come out way ahead.
    　　36. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____.
    　　[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst
    　　[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst
    　　[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist
    　　[D]purely imaginary and impractical
    　　37. According to the author，psychoanalysis is another religion in that____.
    　　[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth
    　　[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested
    　　[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers
    　　[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs
    　　38. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____.
    　　[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious
    　　[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved
    　　[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments
    　　[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients
    　　39. Which of the following is a science according to the author?
    　　[A]Neuroscience.
    　　[B]Psychoanalysis.
    　　[C]Psychotherapy.
    　　[D]None of the above.
    　　40. The main purpose of the passage is____.
    　　[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis
    　　[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis
    　　[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines
    　　[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science

kyfour

    　　text1
    　　31. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to
    　　作者在开篇引用EdmundBurke的话是为了
    　　[A] call on scientists to take some actions. 呼吁科学家采取行动。
    　　[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. 批评被误导的动物权利事业。
    　　[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research. 警告生物医学研究的厄运。
    　　[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 展示动物权利运动的胜利。
    　　【答案】 A
    　　【考点】 作者意图题。
    　　【分析】 从第一段我们可以看到EdmundBurke所说的话的意思就是“一个被误导的事业如果要成功，它唯一需要的是好人无所作为”。然后作者紧接着写道“现在就有这样的一个事业：动物权利保护，他们试图阻止生物医学使用动物”。随后出现关键句“科学家们需要采取行动回应这些鼓吹者”。这实际上就是一个呼吁，所以答案应该是[A]。
    　　32. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
    　　被误导的人通常会认为使用动物进行研究是
    　　[A] cruel but natural. 残忍但是很普通的。
    　　[B] inhuman and unacceptable. 不人道而且难以接受的。
    　　[C] inevitable but vicious. 不可避免但是邪恶的。
    　　[D] pointless and wasteful. 无意义而且是浪费的。
    　　【答案】 B
    　　【考点】 推断题。
    　　【分析】 特征词汇“tend tothink”很明确告诉我们出题人想考查考生能否推断出受误导的人们是怎样看待用动物做试验的。因为文中并没有直接给出答案，这样的题目的解题关键是寻找和题干有关的信息，然后通过推理连接起来这些可能是分散的信息。本题题干中的一个关键词组是“misled people”，首先需要定位，看看“misled people”都有什么看法，然后再做判断。第一段最后一句说“当人们听到医学实验残忍对待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物”。第二段是一个具体的被误导的祖母般的女士的例子，但是文中只是说她反对用动物来做研究。第三段最后一句非常关键：“对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍”。从以上的分析可以看出，受到误导的人们认为用动物做研究是残酷的、不可思议的。四个选项中，[B]最符合原文。[A]中虽然提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不对，因为被误导的人们不可能认为那是普通的事情。[C]说的是“不可避免的，但是邪恶的”，也不正确，因为文章中没有提到不可避免这个说法。[D]项说的是“毫无意义，浪费的”，文中没有提到毫无意义这个意思。
    　　33. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show thepublic’s
    　　老太太的例子被用来说明公众
    　　[A] discontent with animal research. 对动物研究的不满。
    　　[B] ignorance about medical science. 对医学的无知。
    　　[C] indifference to epidemics. 对流行病的冷漠。
    　　[D] anxiety about animal rights. 对动物权益的忧虑。
    　　【答案】 B
    　　【考点】 作者意图题。
    　　【分析】 这个例子说的是一位老太太向大家散发传单，号召大家不要用任何来自于动物或在动物身上试验过的东西。当问及是否反对使用疫苗时，老太大说，若疫苗也来源于动物，那么就不应使用疫苗，流行病自有科学家们用计算机来解决。可见老太太对科学的无知。而她的这种无知是很普遍的。作者在第二段最后一句话感叹“这些好心人压根儿就不明白”，所以答案为[B]。[A]说的是公众对动物试验的不满。但是，老太太的例子不仅仅是为了说明这一点。这个论据反映的是什么论点呢?从全文来看，作者的目的不是为了写公众有多愤怒，而在于指出公众不满的根源——对医学研究不了解，然后呼唤科学家们针对这个根源采取行动。所以老太太的例子反映的是公众的无知。
    　　34. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animalrights advocates, scientists should作者认为，科学家在面临动物权利保护鼓吹者的挑战时，应该
    　　[A] communicate more with the public. 更多地与公众交流。
    　　[B] employ hi-tech means in research. 在研究中采用高科技手段。
    　　[C] feel no shame for their cause. 对自己的事业不感到羞耻。
    　　[D] strive to develop new cures. 努力开发新的治疗方法。
    　　【答案】 A
    　　【考点】 作者态度题。
    　　【分析】 在解答这类题目的时候，考生应该按照题干关键词去寻找答案线索可能的所在地。本题关键词“challenge from animal rights advocates”，以及“scientistsshould”，解题线索可在最后两段中找出。作者向科学家们提出的建议都是有助于他们与公众更好的交流。答案很明显，是[A]。选项[B]、[C]、[D]貌似合理，其实文中都没有提到。
    　　35. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
    　　从本文中我们得知StephenCooper是一位
    　　[A] a well-known humanist. 著名的人道主义者。
    　　[B] a medical practitioner. 医疗从业人员。
    　　[C] an enthusiast in animal rights. 动物权力的狂热者。
    　　[D] a supporter of animal research. 动物研究的支持者。
    　　【答案】 D
    　　【考点】 推断题。
    　　【分析】 首先根据“StephenCooper”定位到最后一段，我们可以找到线索“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients... StephenCooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research.。.”。从这句话中，我们知道“Cooper”是个名人，也是病患者，他曾经高度赞扬过动物研究的价值。所以，我们可以推断出他是支持动物研究的。正确答案是选项[D]。
    　　难句解析：
    　　1. All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is thatgood people do nothing。
    　　【结构分析】本句的主句结构是“all… is that…”。“all”的后边接了一个“that”引导的定语从句。第二个“that”引导的是表语从句。这句话的意思理解也有难度，尤其是放在第一句，很多人由于没有能够读懂这一句的意思从而影响了后面的理解。“misguided”的意思是“被误导的”。
    　　2. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances inhealth knowledge and care.
    　　【结构分析】句子的主干是“Scientists need to respond to animal rights advocates”，“whose”引导一个定语从句，指代“animalrights advocates”。“are confusing”和“(are)threatening”是并列的谓语。单词“thereby”的意思是“因此，从而， 在那方面”。
    　　3. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rightsbooth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouragedreaders not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, nofur, no medicines。
    　　【结构分析】句子的主句是“a woman was distributing a brochure”。“staffing”是现在分词做后置定语;“brochure”后边的“that”引导一个定语从句，修饰“brochure”。“anything”后边的“that”也接一个定语从句，限定修饰“anything”。“staff”在此句中作动词使用，“staff”在用作名词的时候表示“员工，职员”，但是在用作动词的时候，就表示“充当职员”。“booth”实际上指的就是“摊位”或“摊棚”，“fair”就是一次“展销会”或者“集市”。
    　　4. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed toproduce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animalresearch seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。
    　　【结构分析】本句的主句结构是“animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst”。“as well as newtreatments and vaccines”此部分是一个状语。“those”的后边跟了一个“who”引导的定语从句。“at best”的意思是“最好的情况下”，“at worst”的意思是“最坏的情况下”。
    　　全文翻译：
    　　18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“一个被误导的事业如果要成功，它唯一需要的是好人无所作为”。现在就有这样的一个事业，正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为它们的一种理论说，动物有禁止自己被用于实验的权利。科学家应该强有力的回应动物权利鼓吹者，因为他们的言论混淆了公众视听，从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生保健的进步。动物权利运动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究，原因在于生物医学研究依赖公共资金的资助，并且很少有人懂得医学研究的过程。当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都很困惑为什么有人会故意伤害动物。
    　　例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位老奶奶为动物权利宣传点散发小册子。规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类，毛皮，药物。当她被问到是否反对免疫接种时，她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此，她回答道，“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种”。当被问到瘟疫爆发怎么办时，她说，“不用担心，科学家会找到一种方法，用计算机来解决问题”。看，这样好心的人根本就不明白为什么做生物医学研究。
    　　科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要有感情的和使用通俗易懂的语言，也就是说，要使用一般人能够明白的语言，而不要使用分子生物学的术语。我们需要说明动物研究与祖母的髋骨置换术、父亲的心脏搭桥手术、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的针剂注射之间都密切相关。对于那些不知道需要动物研究来做这些治疗以及进行新的治疗和研究新的疫苗的人来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍。
    　　有很多事情可以做。科学家可以进入中学课堂，展示他们的实验结果。他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时做出反应，以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，从而获得一副真理的面容。科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的照顾。最后，因为最终决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬·库柏这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。

kyfour

    　　text 2
    　　1. [B] 在第一段作者指出，自己是一个神经科学家，随后说明了这门科学目前存在的局限性。最后一句指出，作为一个神经学方面的科学家，他觉得有必要谈一下另外一种方法究竟是个什么东西。这里所谓the alternative approach指上文提到的心理疗法(psychotherapy)。根据第二段的论述，心理分析是心理疗法的一个分支。而在第三段，作者将心理分析称为一种宗教，认为它不是科学。
    　　2. [B] 第四段说明了为什么心理分析是一种宗教而不是一门科学。由本段可以看出，科学与宗教的根本区别在于：科学是能被实验证明真伪的，而宗教则不能。第五、六段接着列举了心理分析与宗教的相似性。
    　　3. [B] 句中this problem即指上一段最后一句提到的不能被证明真伪。
    　　4. [A] 意为：神经科学。在第一段，作者称自己为神经学科学家。由此看来，在他心目中，神经科学是一门科学，虽然它现在尚有许多问题解决不了。实际上，敢于承认其局限性，才是研究一门科学应有的态度。而自称什么问题都能解决的心理分析学被作者称为一种宗教。另外，在第二段第四句，作者使用了other psychotherapies这样的措辞，说明作者将心理分析看做是心理疗法的一个分支，二者都不是科学。
    　　5. [D] 第一段最后一句提出本文旨在说明的主要问题，文章最后一段是文章的结论，其中尤其是该段最后一句。
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