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发表于 2018-12-8 15:54:08
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Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:
Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed
by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s new book. Mr.Nye, a former
dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of
America’s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of
“soft power”, based on persuasion and influence, as a counterpoint to “hard
power”, based on coercion(强迫) and force.
Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in
his previous books, Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship
between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres.
Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that “one ought to be both feared and loved,
but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared
than loved.” In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modem
leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.
The context of leadership is changing, the observe, and the historical
emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modem companies and democracies,
power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being
undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean
coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion. Mr.Nye argues. Instead, he
advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead,
his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft
power, which he calls “smart power”, is the best approach.
The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently,
the “transformational leadership pattern”. Anyone allergic(反感) to management
term will already be running for the exit, but Mr.Nye has performed a valuable
service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories
of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to
leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine
the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and
examples, historical and contemporary, political and corporate.
Also, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories,
even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall. He is at his most
interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership, in particular, the
question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie— and he
provides a helpful 12-points summary of his conclusion. A resuming theme is that
as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required; a leader who
thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately
that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.
51. From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr. Machiavelli’s idea
of hard power is ______.
A. well accepted by Joseph Nye
B. very influential till nowadays
C. based on sound theories
D. contrary to that of modem leadership theorists
52. Which of the following makes soft power more important today according
to Mr.Nye?
A. Coercion is widespread.
B. Morality is devalued.
C. Power is no longer concentrated.
D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened
53. In his book the Powers to lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following
aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.
A. authority
B. context
C. approaches
D. morality
54. Mr. Nye’s book is particularly valuable in that it _____.
A. makes little use of management terms
B. summarizes various studies concisely
C. serves as an exit for leadership researchers
D. sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders
55. According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye’s book
lies in his _____.
A. view of changeable leadership
B. definition of good leadership
C. summary of leadership history
D. discussion of moral leadership
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