Half the game is 90 percent mental，“ Yogi Berra once said， or something
like that， and science is now getting around to putting his aphorism to the
test. Researchers including Debbie Crews of Arizona State University and John
Milton of the University of Chicago have been studying patterns of brain
activation——not in baseball players but in golfers， who make better subjects
because they don't move around as much and the electrodes stay stuck to their
heads. Yogi might have been surprised by the researchers' conclusion， though：
the better the golfer， the less brain activity he shows in the seconds before he
makes his shot.
Crews， a sports psychologist who studies putting——even the minimal
agitation of a chip shot can upset her experimental apparatus——has found that a
key difference between amateurs and pros lies in the left hemisphere. This is
the seat of logic， analysis， verbal reasoning and the kinds of thoughts——Maybe I
should just kind of squinch over a little more to the left——that you never
imagine crossing Tiger Woods's mind. Professionals， once they've determined how
to make a shot， follow an invariable routine that renders conscious thought
unnecessary. “How you think is probably more important than what you think，”
Crews says. “Quieting the left hemisphere is really critical.”
Or， to put it another way， when Milton asked some LPGA golfers what they
thought about just before taking a shot， they answered： nothing. To test this，
he rounded up a half-dozen pros and an equal number of amateurs and had them
imagine making a specific shot——a wedge shot of 100 yards to the green， with no
wind——while monitoring their brains in a functional magnetic resonance imaging
machine. “The professionals are just much more specialized and efficient，”
Milton says. “You put in a quarter and you get your shot.” The amateurs， by
contrast， showed more total brain activation， involving more areas of the brain.
In particular， amateurs activated the basal ganglia——involved in learning motor
functions——and the basal forebrain and amygdala， responsible for， among other
functions， emotions. “They're not fearful or anxious，” Milton says， “but they
get overwhelmed by details， by the memories of all the shots they've missed in
the past.” Some of his subjects worried about hitting the ball into the water，
which was curious， because he hadn't even mentioned a water hazard in describing
the imaginary shot to them.
Professional athletes， as a rule， know how to keep focus， although there
are exceptions， like Chuck Knoblauch， the Yankee second baseman who suddenly
lost the ability to make a routine throw to first base. Milton is already trying
to apply these lessons to stroke and other rehabilitation patients who have to
relearn skills like walking; he recommends putting more emphasis on
visualization and improving mental focus. In many aspects of life， it seems，
half the game really is 90 percent mental.
注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 6/2/2003， p14;
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 4(个别题目顺序加以调整);
1. The views of Yogi Berra and researchers including Crews and Milton are
________.
[A]similar
[B]identical
[C]opposite
[D]complementary
2. We can learn from the text that the difference between pros and amateurs
lies in_______.
[A]the activity of the left hemisphere
[B]the way of their thinking
[C]the ability to control one‘s brain
[D]the ability to forget the past failures
3. Tiger Woods， according to the text， is probably ________.
[A]a professional golf player
[B]a professional baseball player
[C]a sports psychologist
[D]a researcher
4. What is the key to the success of golfers according to the text?
[A]Not to think of anything related to your past losses.
[B]To be more specialized and efficient.
[C]Try to activate your whole brain.
[D]Quiet your left hemisphere and think of nothing.
5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
[A]What the researchers have found proves Yogi Berra‘s words.
[B]Baseball player should do as Yogi Berra said.
[C]Mentality plays a very important role in many aspects of life.
[D]Sports and medicine share some common principles. 答案：CADBC
发表于 2017-8-6 16:08:07