暑期集训来了，如何在暑期两个月创造出双倍的价值是每个考生想要达到的目标。这就
需要加倍的努力和科学的规划了。英语方面的复习，大家要持续性背单词，阅读、写作及翻译要多加练习，总结方法技巧，活学活用。下面新东方在线和大家分享医
学类的阅读模拟题，大家不妨集中练习，提升阅读速度和做题技巧。 2016考研英语阅读暑期训练：医学类(25)
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement
theory， which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex
response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as
fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family
discord， loss of job， and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of
reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is， alcohol has the immediate
effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior
came only later. The learning pattern， therefore， favors the condition may
trigger renewed drinking.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an
approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a
food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection
of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker， while the pull
toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict
the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort， pain， and
punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from
drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of
establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact， the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of
excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol
abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety
is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events
occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of
stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or
fear， the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus， thus
triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a
cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment
may serve to suppress a response， experiments have shown that in some cases it
can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person
has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment， either type
of condition may trigger renewed drinking. 1. The main purpose of the text is to A. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism.
B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.
C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism.
D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism. 2. The description of Conger‘s experiment with two groups of rats
was intended to
A. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite.
B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers.
C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear.
D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory. 3. We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields.
B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.
C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol.
D. alcoholics can‘t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism. 4. The author provides enough information to answer the question
of
A. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences.
B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy.
C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.
D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now. 5. It can be inferred from the text that
A. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance
theory.
B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory.
C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.
D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to
punishment. 答案B C C A C
发表于 2017-8-6 16:07:57